AP Biology Chapter Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 9783140952 | macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. | 0 | |
| 9783140953 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. | 1 | |
| 9783140954 | monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | 2 | |
| 9783140955 | dehydration synthesis | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |  | 3 |
| 9783140956 | hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers. |  | 4 |
| 9783140957 | protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | 5 | |
| 9783140959 | peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |  | 6 |
| 9783140960 | Primary structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |  | 7 |
| 9783140961 | secondary structure | regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). Helix or pleated sheet. |  | 8 |
| 9783140963 | tertiary structure | the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |  | 9 |
| 9783140964 | quaternary structure | the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. |  | 10 |
| 9783140991 | denaturation | loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions |  | 11 |
| 9783140965 | enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins. | 12 | |
| 9783140967 | monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1). |  | 13 |
| 9783140968 | disaccharide | a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction. |  | 14 |
| 9783140969 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |  | 15 |
| 9783140970 | polysaccharide | a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |  | 16 |
| 9783140972 | glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 17 | |
| 9783140973 | cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch. | 18 | |
| 9783140974 | lipids | any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers. | 19 | |
| 9783140976 | saturated | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |  | 20 |
| 9783140977 | unsaturated | a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |  | 21 |
| 9783140979 | triglyceride | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | 22 | |
| 9783140980 | phospholipid | a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane. |  | 23 |
| 9783140981 | steroid | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones. |  | 24 |
| 9783140982 | hydrophobic | a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. | 25 | |
| 9783140983 | disulfide bridges | a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer that form during a tertiary protein in side chains | 26 |