AP Chapter 3 Flashcards
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| 8450941359 | 3 major components of a cell | Plasma Cytoplasm Nucleus | 0 | |
| 8450950056 | Plasma Membrane | - Phospholipid bilayer (2 layers) - Form a fluid framework - Cholesterol - Helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules to prevent breakage | 1 | |
| 8450950057 | Protein | - Serve as identification tags (tissue typing) - Serve as receptors for molecules (hormones) | 2 | |
| 8450952825 | Cytoplasm | - Internal living material cells - Organelles - "little organs" - Small structures that make up most of the cytoplasm | 3 | |
| 8450952826 | Ribosomes | - "Protein factories" - Makes enzymes and proteins | 4 | |
| 8450962422 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | - Membranous network of connecting sacs and canals through cytoplasm a. Smooth - makes new membranes (lipids and carbohydrates) b. Rough - Receives and transports proteins (from ribosmes) | 5 | |
| 8450962423 | Golgi Apparatus | - "Chemical processing and packaging center" - Group of flattened sacs stacked on one another near nucleus Product: Mucus | 6 | |
| 8450965512 | Mitochondria | - "Power plants" - Composed of inner and outer membranes - Site of cellular respiration - Each contains one DNA molecules | 7 | |
| 8450965513 | Lysosomes | - "Digestive Bags" - Bubble of enzymes encased by a membrane | 8 | |
| 8450968359 | Cilia | - Short hair like extensions on the surface that help move substances over the surface of the cell | 9 | |
| 8450968360 | Centrioles | - A pair of hollow cylinders that function in a cell reproduction - Movement | 10 | |
| 8450971862 | Flagella | - Single projections extending from the cell surfaces - Sperm cell tail | 11 | |
| 8451259352 | Nucleus | - "Brain" - Control cell's function - Contains the genetic code | 12 | |
| 8451272472 | Nucleoplasm | - Special cytoplasm in the nucleus | 13 | |
| 8451279246 | Nucleolus | Programs the formation of ribosomes | 14 | |
| 8451287132 | Chromatin | - Made of DNA in the nucleus | 15 | |
| 8451292576 | Regulation of life processes | Survival of species through reproduction of the individual Relationship of structure to function is apparent in number and type of organelles seen in different cells | 16 | |
| 8451338829 | Passive Transport Processes | - Requires no energy - Down a concentration level - High to low | 17 | |
| 8451365580 | Diffusion | - Substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space | 18 | |
| 8451365581 | Osmosis | - Diffusion of water | 19 | |
| 8451368059 | Dialysis | - Diffusion of solutes | 20 | |
| 8451421390 | Filtration | - Movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing force on one side of the membrane - Pushing force is called hydrostatic pressure | 21 | |
| 8451467201 | Active Transport Processes | - Requires energy - ATP - Low to high | 22 | |
| 8451467202 | Ion Pumps | - Protein structure in plasma membrane | 23 | |
| 8451472693 | Phagocytosis | - Traps solids by the cell membrane and brings it into the cell - Lysosomes destroy the solid Ex: White blood cells | 24 | |
| 8451472694 | Pinocytosis | - Traps fluids or dissolved substances | 25 | |
| 8451475711 | Tonicity | - The relative concentration of solutes in a cell | 26 | |
| 8451475712 | Isotonic | - Salt (NaCl) concentration equals solution (water) concentration | 27 | |
| 8451480165 | Hypertonic | - Cell contains more salt than solution - Water leaves - Cells break (crenate) | 28 | |
| 8451598177 | Hypotonic | - Solution contains more salt than cell - Water enters - Cells break (lyse) | 29 | |
| 8451598178 | Mitosis | - Processes of cell reproduction - One cell divides to become two cells - Tied closely to the production of proteins | 30 | |
| 8451624909 | RNA | - Ribnucleic acid - Found in cytoplasm | 31 | |
| 8451624910 | DNA | - Deoxyribonuleic acid - Makes up chromosomes - Double helix/stranded | 32 | |
| 8451685638 | Compare DNA | - Plays crucial role in protein synthesis Composition: Sugar: - Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen bases: - Cytosine - guanine - Adenine - thymine | 33 | |
| 8451689337 | Compare RNA | - Transfers genetic info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Composition Sugar: - Ribose Phosphate Nitrogen Bases: - Cytosine - guanine - Adenine - uracil | 34 | |
| 8451800922 | Transcription | - Double-ended DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA) - Each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene (base-pair sequence) from a segment of DNA - mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER. - Takes place in the nucleus | 35 | |
| 8451850585 | Translation | - Involves synthesis of proteins by ribosome - Takes place in cytoplasm - Requires use of information contained in mRNA to direct the choice and sequencing of the building blocks called amino acids - As blocks of amino acids are assembled into proper sequence, a protein strand forms. - Specific shape allows molecule in perform specific function. | 36 | |
| 8451969288 | Reproduction of cell | By division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm | 37 | |
| 8451981807 | Interphase | - Resting stage for the cell - DNA replication -Process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule - Precedes molecule | 38 | |
| 8451981808 | Prophase | - First stage - Chromatin granules become organized - Chromosomes (pair of linked chromatids) appear - Chromatids are held together by a beadlike structure called a centromere - Centrioles move away from each other and migrate to opposite poles. - Spindle fibers appear between centrioles - The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears and nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material | 39 | |
| 8451988774 | Metaphase | - Second stage - Chromosomes align across the center of a cell - Spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid - Centrioles are at the opposite poles | 40 | |
| 8452163628 | Anaphase | - Third stage -Centromeres break apart - Separated chromatids are now called chromosomes once again - Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell - A cleavage furrow begins to form. - Beginning to divide cell into two daughter cells | 41 | |
| 8452187307 | Telophase | - Final stage - Cell division is completed - Nuclei appear in daughter cells - Nuclear envelope and nuclei reform - Cytoplasm and organelles divide equally - Cell membrane forms around each daughter - Two new cells form and rapid cell growth occurs | 42 | |
| 8452215297 | HP/HL = | x | 43 | |
| 8452218821 | LP diameter/x = | HP diameter | 44 | |
| 8452221889 | Area = | 3.14/(r)2 | 45 | |
| 8458343614 | 4 kinds of tissues | 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous | 46 | |
| 8459704292 | Epithelial | - Covers body and many of its parts - Form continuous sheets that contain blood vessels - Classified by shape and arrangement of cells | 47 | |
| 8460814528 | Simple squamous epithelium | - Single layer of very thin, irregularly shaped cells - Transport is special function ( such as absorption of oxygen into blood) - Located in alveoli of lungs, lining of blood and lymphatic vessels | 48 | |
| 8458405651 | Stratified Squamous Epithelium | - Several layers of closely packed cells - Protection is primary function - Against microbes | 49 | |
| 8458401655 | Psuedostratified Epithelium | - Single layer of tall cells that wedge together to appear as if there are two or more layers - Psuedo = stratified - Lines the trachea - Moves mucus along surface - Protection against dust or foreign particles | 50 | |
| 8458398576 | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | - Form tubules specialized for secretory activity - Usually form clusters called glands | 51 | |
| 8458398024 | Simple Columnar Epithelium | - Single layer of tall, narrow cells - Contains mucus, producing goblet cells - Specialize in absorption - Surface layer of lining of stomach, intestines | 52 | |
| 8458393211 | Stratified Transitional Epithelium | - Up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal-shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched - Function - protection - Found in body areas subject to stretch and must be able to stretch (urinary bladder) | 53 | |
| 8458389192 | Connective | - Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body -Multiple types, appearances and functions - Relatively few cells in intercellular matrix, found between it's cells. | 54 | |
| 8458384414 | Adipose (fat) | - Lipid storage - Cells contain large fat compartments - Area under skin padding at various points - Protection, insulation, support, nutrient reserve | 55 | |
| 8458384413 | Areolar | - Glue that holds organs together - Loose arrangement of fibers and cells - Area between other tissues and organs | 56 | |
| 8458384415 | Dense Fibrous | - Consists of collagen fibers, compose tendons and bone marrow - Dense arrangement of collagen fiber bundles - Tendons, ligaments, fascia, scar tissue - Flexible but strong connection | 57 | |
| 8458382039 | Bone | - Support, protection and stores calcium - Hard, calcified matrix arranged in osteons - Skeleton | 58 | |
| 8458382040 | Cartilage | - Firm plastic gel - Hard but flexible matrix with imbedded chondrocytes - Part of nasal septum, area covering articular surfaces of bones - Firm but flexible support | 59 | |
| 8458379153 | Blood | - Liquid - Formation of blood - Blood vessels - Transportation | 60 | |
| 8458379154 | Hematopoietic | - Formation of blood and lymphatic cells (defense) - Liquid matrix with dense arrangement of blood cell-producing cells - Red bone marrow | 61 | |
| 8458375003 | Muscle | - Movement specialist of the body | 62 | |
| 8458375004 | Skeletal | - Voluntary - Striated - Long, threadlike cells with multiple nuclei and striations Location: - Muscles that attach to bones - Maintenance of posture - Movement of bones | 63 | |
| 8458371311 | Cardiac | - Forms walls of heart - heartbeat - Involuntary - Intercalated disks - Branching, interconnected cylinders with faint striations Location: - Wall of heart | 64 | |
| 8458371312 | Smooth | - Also called visceral - Involuntary - Threadlike cells with single nuclei and no striations - Movement of substances along respective tracts, changing diameter of vessels, movement of substances along ducts, changing of diameter of pupils and shape of lens, errection of hairs (goose bumps) Location - Walls of tubular viscera of digestive respiratory and genitourinary tracts - Walls of blood vessels and large lymphatic vessels, ducts of glands, intrinsic eye muscles ( iris and ciliry body ) arrector muscles of hairs | 65 | |
| 8458371313 | Nervous | - Provides rapid communication between body structures and for control or body functions - Ex. Spinal cord tissue - Consists of two cell types | 66 | |
| 8458368993 | Neurons | Conducting cells | 67 | |
| 8458368994 | Glia (neuroglia) | Supportive and connecting cells | 68 |