AP Psych Flashcards

5857804933	Prototype Keyword- mental image	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories	0
5857809766	Algorithm Keyword- logical rule	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier	1
5857809767	Heuristic Keyword- solve problems	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	2
5857812004	Insight Keyword- realization	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	3
5857814740	Confirmation bias Keyword- search	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	4
5857816403	Fixation Keyword- different mental set	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	5
5857818994	Mental set Keyword- one particular way	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	6
5857824020	Functional fixedness Keyword- usual functions	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	7
5857829328	Representativeness heuristic Keyword- match	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	8
5857837156	Availability heuristic Keyword- memory	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	9
5857839517	Overconfidence Keyword- more confident	the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.	10
5857842765	belief perseverance Keyword- initial conceptions	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	11
5857846086	Framing Keyword-decisions and judgements	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	12
5857849782	Language Keyword- communicate meaning	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	13
5857851658	Phoneme Keyword- sound unit	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	14
5857853574	Morpheme Keyword- prefix	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).	15
5857857744	Grammar Keyword-rules	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	16
5857859831	Semantics Keyword-meaning	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.	17
5857862781	Syntax Keyword-combining	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	18
5857866020	Babbling stage Keyword- utters	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	19
5857870038	One-word stage Keyword- single words	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.	20
5857872906	Two-word stage Keyword- two word statements	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.	21
5857875327	Telegraphic speech Keyword- nouns and verbs	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	22
5857880351	Aphasia Keyword-impairment of language	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	23
5865037647	Broca's area Keyword- controls language reception	controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	24
5865039193	Wernicke's area Keyword-controls language reception	controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.	25
5865044742	linguistic determinism Keyword- hypothesis	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	26