AP Flashcards

6746562562	starting at page	375 - CH11	0
6746570517	it takes at least $______ to make a credible challenge to an incumbent in most districts (for campaign funding)	$1 million	1
6746577174	In many areas with expensive media markets, the minimum price tag for campaigns is $______	$2 million or more	2
6746593836	for campaigns, incumbents spend about _______ times as much as challengers	3xs	3
6746608239	incumbency advantage	only 10-15% of challengers in a typical election year have any previous elective experience (when such a high proportion of challengers are amateurs, its not surprising that so many incumbents win)	4
6747773765	things incumbents do to get reelected through community service	-"work their districts" -taking time to meet w constituents, listen to their concerns, and perform casework -high levels of constituent service may help explain why some incumbents have become electorally secure	5
6747804752	congress ppl love doing constituent service bc it's an easy way to make voters happy	-might get credit for listening to them -most of them have a "how can i help" link on their website	6
6747823039	most house members work their district to an extreme	-"Tuesday to Thursday Club" (meaning they're only in Washington during the middle of the week, spending the rest of their time at home in their districts) -they'll go to breakfast and public events	7
6747862337	62% of voters believed the nation was "on the wrong track"	yet....97% of house incumbents won reelection (bc most people can insulate themselves from national forces, it is more difficult to hold the government accountable)	8
6747913980	district boundaries	-redrawn every 10 years -determine who is eligible to vote in any given congressional race	9
6747930973	redistricting	re-drawing the geographic boundaries of legislative districts -every 10 yrs, happens to ensure that districts remain roughly equal in population	10
6747944744	apportionment	the process of assigning the 435 seats in the House to the states based on increases or decrease in state population ex) in 2010 Texas gained four seats in congress and Ohio lost two	11
6747989220	gerrymandering	attempting to use the process of re-drawing district boundaries to benefit a political party, protect incumbents, or change the proportion of minority voters in a district -named after Elbridge Gerry, massachusetts house member and governor, vp under madison, and author of one of the resembling a salamander	12
6748047802	race cannot be the predominant factor in drawing congressional district lines, but	it can be one of the factors (North Carolina had a weird map out of stuff in 1992)	13
6748069430	gridlock	an inability to enact legislation because of partisan conflict within congress or between congress and the president	14
6748098540	universalism	a norm stating that when benefits are being divided up, they should be awarded to as many districts and states as possible (makes support of these bills very lop sided)	15
6748114079	logrolling	a form of reciprocity in which members of congress support bills that they otherwise might not vote for in exchange for other members' votes on bills that are very important to them (if u scratch my back, ill scratch urs)	16
6748132857	earmarks	federally funded local projects attached to bills passed through congress	17
6748148177	specialization norm	efficient operation of congress and for members' reelection. by becoming an expert on a given issue -members provide valuable information to the institution as a whole and also create a basis for credit claiming	18
6748189815	seniority norm	serves individual and institutional purposes -member with the longest service on a committee will chair the committee	19
6748217609	speaker of the house	the elected leader of the house of representatives -head of majority party, influences the legislative agenda, committee assignments, scheduling , etc.	20
6748230564	Nancy Pelosi	first woman to serve as speaker	21
6748234190	majority leader	the elected head of the party holding the majority of seats in the house or senate -one of the national spokesperson for the party and also helps with day to day operation of the legislative process	22
6748250310	whip system	an organization of house leaders who work to disseminate info and promote party unity in voting on legislation -take head count, tries to persuade members to support the party's position, etc.	23
6748350796	minority leader	the elected head of the party holding the minority of seats in the house or senate	24
6748359585	senate leadership does not have as much power as the leadership of the house	bc individual senators have more power than indiv house	25
6748366470	majority and minority leaders are the leaders of their respective parites	2nd in command- assistant maj and min. leaders	26
6748386460	president pro tempore	largely symbolic position usually held by most senior member of the majority party in the senate -presiding over senate when VP isnt there -NO REAL POWER	27
6748391546	roll call vote	a recorded vote on legislation members may vote yes no abstain or present	28
6748396264	party vote	a vote in which the majority of one party opposes the position of the majority of the other party	29
6748402941	party unity	the extent to which members of congress in the same party vote together on party votes	30
6748438244	standing committees	committees that are permanent part of the house or senate strucuture, holding more importance and authority than other committees	31
6748443417	select committees	committes in the house or senate created to address a specific issue for one or two terms (global warming from 2007-2010)	32
6748447629	joint committees	committees that contain members of both ouse and senate but have limited authority. (taxation - makes estimates of the consequences of proposed tax legislation)	33
6748461346	conference committees	temp. committees created to negotiate differences between the house and senate versions of a piece of legislation passed thru both chambers. -usually standing committee members from each chamber who worked on the bill	34
6748489528	distributive theory	the idea that members of congress will join committees that best serve the interests of their district and that committee members will support one another's legislation (members from farm states would serve on the agricultural committee)	35
6748502831	informational theory	the idea that having committees in congress made up of experts on specific policy areas helps to ensure well-informed policy decision	36
6748518747	Barbara Sinclairs book	Unorthodox Lawmaking -argues that the legislative process for major legislation is now less likely to conform to the textbook model than to unorthodoz lawmaking	37
6748550342	most important thing to understand about the process is before legislation can become a law,	IT MUST BE PASSED IN IDENTICAL FORM by both the house, senate, and signed by the prez (if prez vetos the bill, it can still be passed with 2/3 vote in each chamber)	38
6748564642	How a Bill Becomes a Law	1) a member of congress introduces the bill 2) a subco and committee craft the bill 3) floor action on the bill takes place in the first chamber (house or senate) 4) committee and floor action takes place in the second chamber 5)the conference committee works out any difference between the house and senate versions of the bill (if the two chambers pass the same version then steps 5 and 6 are not necessary) 7) the president either signs or vetoes the final version 8) if the bill is vetoed, both chambers can attempt to override the veto w 2/3 vote in each chamber	39
6748620246	mark up	one of the steps through which a bill becomes a law in which the final wording of the bill is determined	40
6748630428	veto	the president's rejection of a bill that has been passed by congress a verto can be overridden by 2/3 votes in h and s	41
6748634850	pocket veto	the automatic death of a bill passed by H and S when the president fails to sign the bill in the last 10 days of legislative session	42
6748650113	omnibus legislation	large bills that often cover several topics and ma contain extraneous or pork barrel projects	43
6748679439	cloture	procedure through which the senate can limit the amount of time spent debating a bill (cutting off a filibuster) if a supermajority of 60 senators agree	44
6748689229	filibuster	a tactic used by senators to block a bill by continuing to hold the floor and speak -under the senate rule of unlimited debate- until the bill's supporters back down	45
6748708717	closed rules	conditions placed on legislative deabte by the house rules committee prohibiting amendments to a bill	46
6748715339	open rules	conditions placed on a legislaitve debate by the house rules committee allowing relebant amendments to a ball	47
6748719613	modified rules	conditions placed on legislative debate by the house rules committee allowing certain amendments to a bill while barring others	48
6749528394	CHAPTER	12	49
6749632527	Franklin Roosevelt won the 1932 election	began reshaping american gov -fed policies and dwight followed suit after	50
6749647923	constitutional authority (prez)	powers derived from the provisions of the constitution that outline the president's role in government	51
6749653564	statutory authority (prez)	powers derivded from laws enacted by congress that add to the powers given to the preseident in the constitution	52
6749667875	vesting clause	Article II Section I of the constitution, which states: "the executive power shall be vested in a president of the US" making the president both the head of government and the head of state	53
6749685867	head of government	one role of the president, through which he has authority over the executive branch	54
6749689716	head of state	one role of the president, through which he or she represents the country symbolically and politically	55
6749705572	who the president appoints	-ambassadors -senior bureaucrats -members of federal judiciary (including sup. ct. justice)	56
6749712478	prez controls about	8000 positions bc head of exec branch	57
6749722829	recess appointment	selection by the president of a person to be an ambassador or the head of a department while the senate is not in session, thereby passing senate approval. -unless approved by a subsequent senate vote, recess appointees serve only to the end of the congressional term (recess is adjourned for more than 3 days)	58
6749739849	executive orders	proclamations made by the president that change government policy without congressional approval	59
6749767660	prez is commander in cheif	but congress has the power to declare war (we have only declared 5 wars)	60
6749805314	executive agreemnt	agreement between the exec branch and a foreign gov, which acts as a treaty but does not require senate approval	61
6749890421	executive privlesge	the right of the presdient to keep exec branch conversations and correspondence confidential from leg and jud branches	62
6749924344	9/45 presidents	were vps who came in half term	63
6749944234	cabinet	15 executives departments in federal gov who implement the presidents agenda in their respective positions	64
6749965540	unilateral actoin	any policy decision made and acted upon by the president and presidential staff without the explicit approval or consent of congress	65
6749980640	unitary exec theory	the idea that the vesting clause of the constitution gives the president the authority to issue orders and policy directives that cannot be undone by congress	66
6750002653	signing statement	a document issued by the president when signing a bill into law explaining his or her interpretation of the law, which often differs from the interpretation of congress, in an attempt to influence how the law will be implemented	67
6750301088	execitive office of the president (EOP)	the group of polict related offices that serve as support staff to the preseident -1800 employed -1/3 are concentrated in 3 offices (budget and trade)	68
6750599956	CHAPTER	13	69
6750602597	bureacracy	system of civil servants and politcal apointees who implement cong or prez decisions known as the admin state	70
6750608139	civil sevants	employees of buro agencies within gov	71
6750611440	political appointees	people selected by an elected leader, such as the prez, to hold goc position	72