AP World Chapter 4 Flashcards

7757972148	Buddha	Siddartha Gautama; creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things.	0
7757972149	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	1
7757972150	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent.	2
7757972151	monsoons	seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.	3
7757972152	Sanskrit	the classical and sacred Indian language.	4
7757972153	Varnas	clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.	5
7757972154	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	6
7757972155	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization.	7
7757972156	Maurya	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great.	8
7757972157	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire. dharma: the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform their occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.	9
7757972158	Kushans (Kush)	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	10
7757972159	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.	11
7757972160	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise.	12
7757972161	gurus	originally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.	13
7757972162	Vishnu	the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.	14
7757972163	Shiva	Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.	15
7757972164	reincarnation	the successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives.	16
7757972165	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.	17
7757972166	Kamasutra	written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.	18
7757972167	stupas	stone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	19
7757972168	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	20
7757972169	caste system	social structure in India; stratification characterized by no social mobility in the current lifetime	21
7757972170	untouchables	dalits; a class at the bottom of the caste system in India; hey were the most impure people.	22
7757972171	Hinduism	A religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation; developed from the Vedic religion	23
7757972172	Dharma	In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties	24
7757972173	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first taught by Siddhartha Gautama	25
7757972174	jati	Smaller groups within the varnas, organized by occupation	26
7757972175	yoga	a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with God	27
7757972176	Bhagavad Gita	a section of the Indian epic "The Mahabharata"	28