AP US History Period 1 (1491-1607) Flashcards

6453634972	Columbian Exchange	"Triangle Trade: Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in 15th-16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage.	0
6453634973	Feudalism	A way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.	1
6453634974	Capitalism	An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.	2
6453634975	Joint-Stock Companies	A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares (certificates of ownership).[1]This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of a company than others do.	3
6453634976	Encomienda System	A system in which the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure.	4
6453634977	subjugate	to bring under complete control or subjection; conquer; master, enslave.	5
6453634978	Northwest Passage	The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago	6
6453634979	Bering Strait	Stretch of ocean separating North America from Asia that was, during the Ice Age, the location of a land bridge as wide as Alaska. Then, human migration was possible over the land bridge from Siberia, and human beings came across likely in pursuit of game. From this point of origin, American Indians dispersed down across the entire Western hemisphere.	7
6453634980	Iroquois	The name not of a tribe but of a confederacy of six separate tribes centered in what would become New York. Coposed of the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Tuscarora Tribes united in a military alliance against the Huron tribe located in the Great Lakes Region.	8
6453634981	Marco Polo	Explorer whose famous journey along the Silk Road (from Mongolia to China) inspired the Discourse Containing Various Experiences, which became the basis for overland trade with China. Established Europe as a market hungry for Asian goods and vice versa.	9
6453634982	Renaissance	The flowering of scholarship and individualistic, humanistic endeavor that ended the medieval period of European history. In English: "Rebirth."	10
6453634983	Prince Henry the Navigator	Regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries, responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes.	11
6453634984	Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain	Christopher Columbus' patrons; launched the Spanish Empire after hearing of his discoveries of a supposed water route to Asia. Established management precedents that cpaitalized on treasures discovered in the New World, served as a model for other European nations attempting similar exploits.	12
6453634985	Pope's Rebellion	An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. Killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province	13
6453634986	viceroy	In the Spanish Empire's power structure, the first representative position sent to govern divisions in the New World. Handpicked, loyal men were chosen to this position, which served as the head of civil government but also as the commander in chief of Spanish military forces in his region. Served as a model for other European nations that sought stricter control over their colonies.	14
6453634987	Bartolome de las Casas	Dominican friar, priest and scholar that worked tirelessly throughout the sixteenth century, decrying the plight of the American Indians.	15
6453634988	Protestant Reformation	Early 16th century writings by the priest and scholar Martin Luther, focusing primarily on biblical doctrines of grace, inspired this movement. Its key doctrine: each person having an individual calling and a Christian duty to work diligently at that calling for the Glory of God. This idea became a seminal attribute of American society through the influence of Dutch, English, Swedish, Germany and French Huguenot colonists.	16
6453634989	Martin Luther	A German priest and scholar who defied Rome and launched the Protestant Reformation by contesting certain teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, beginning in 1517.	17
6453634990	John Calvin	Frenchman that began as a priest but joined the Protestant cause as a legal scholar and minister in Geneva, Switzerland. Wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion, emphasizing the sovereignty of God in salvation. His student, John Knox, formed the Scottish Presbyterian Church brought to the shores of America by Scots-Irish immigrants. The Puritans were also Calvinist in doctrine and were the founders of Congregational Churches in New England.	18
6453634991	Henry VIII of England	Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.	19
6453634992	New Amsterdam	Dutch Colony in North America that began when Peter Minuit purchased the best harbor on the Atlantic Seaboard from local Indians with a few trading goods. Established the Dutch as competent fur traders, excellent merchants, responsible for founding the most ethnically diverse colony that fittingly, became the site of the trade and culture capital of the world, New York City.	20
6453634993	Elizabeth I	The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who was more responsible than any other monarch for positioning her country to take advantage of New World discoveries.	21
6453634994	nation-state	The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity.	22
6453634995	confederacy	An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation.	23
6453634996	primeval	Concerning the earliest origin of things.	24
6453634997	middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.	25
6453634998	caravel	A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails.	26
6453634999	plantation	A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor.	27
6453635000	ecosystem	A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment.	28
6453635001	demographic	Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on.	29
6453635002	conquistador	A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas.	30
6453635003	capitalism	An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.	31
6453635004	mestizo	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.	32
6453635005	province	A medium sized sub-unit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire.	33
6453635006	nationalism	Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state, leading to a belief in the superiority of one's culture over another.	34
6453635007	charter	A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations.	35
6453635008	census	An official count of population, often also describing other information about the population.	36
6453635009	indentured servant	A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor.	37
6453635010	toleration	Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority.	38
6453635011	squatter	A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement.	39
6453635012	matriarch	A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan.	40
6453635013	melting pot	Popular term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" towards some eventual commonality.	41
6453635014	conversion	A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience.	42
6453635015	heresy	Departure from correct or officially defined belief.	43
6453635016	seditious	Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government.	44
6453635017	commonwealth	An organized civil government or social order.	45
6453635018	autocratic	Absolute or dictatorial rule.	46
6453635019	proprietary	Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch.	47
6453635020	naturalization	The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants.	48
6453635021	ethnic	Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Anglo-Saxon background.	49