AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

5672225779	Thomas Jefferson	He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, and carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. He was torn over purchase because he believed in a strict construction/interpretation of the constitution which did not explicitly give the president the power to acquire territory. (p. 131)	0
5672225780	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation's borders, and extended the western frontier well beyond the Mississippi River. The initial interest in the land was the river for transporting goods. Americans had the "right of deposit" from Pinckney Treaty but Spanish officials cut off access. (p. 132-133)	1
5672225781	war hawks	The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139)	2
5672225782	Henry Clay	In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	3
5672225783	John C. Calhoun	In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	4
5672225784	Tecumseh	This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	5
5672225785	Prophet	This Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	6
5672225786	William Henry Harrison	In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138)	7
5672225787	Battle of Tippecanoe	An 1811 battle between William Henry Harrison U.S. troops and American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138)	8
5672225788	strict interpretation of Constitution	President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Alexander Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. When Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase he was troubled because the Constitution did not state explicitly that a president could purchase foreign land. He finally argued that the president's powers to make treaties allowed for the purchase. (p. 133)	9
5672225789	John Marshall	This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134)	10
5672225790	judicial review	In 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134)	11
5672225791	Marbury v. Madison	A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (p. 134)	12
5672225792	Aaron Burr	He was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. A new vice president was chosen for Jefferson's second term. He then organised a failed conspiracy, attempting to unite New England states and secede from the United States. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico and possibly unite it with Louisiana. He was acquitted of the charge. (p. 135)	13
5672225793	Quids	In 1812, they were "Old" Democratic-Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 because it violated the classic Democratic-Republican commitment to limited federal power and the maintenance of peace. (p. 140)	14
5672225794	Hartford Convention (1814)	In December 1814, a special convention of Federalists was held in Hartford, Connecticut. Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. (p. 141)	15
5672225795	Napoleon Bonaparte	In the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on Napoleon successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, Napoleon's losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141)	16
5672225796	Toussaint I'Ouverture	He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132)	17
5672225797	Barbary pirates	The United States had been paying the Barbary states on the North African coast in exchange for safe passage of U.S. ships in the Mediterranean. President Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136)	18
5672225798	neutrality	Around 1804, the Napoleonic wars dominated Europe. Britain was seizing U.S. ships, confiscating the cargo and forcing sailors to join the British navy. This made it difficult for President Jefferson to maintain a position of not taking sides in the conflict. (p. 136)	19
5672225799	impressment	The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136)	20
5672225800	Chesapeake-Leopard affair	In 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Three U.S. sailors were killed and four were taken captive. Many Americans demanded war but Jefferson used diplomacy and economic pressure in response. (p. 136)	21
5672225801	Embargo Act (1807)	In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels, by depriving them of American trade. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain, especially in New England. In 1809 it was repealed. (p 136)	22
5672225802	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137)	23
5672225803	Nonintercourse Act (1809)	In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. repealed the Embargo Act (p. 137)	24
5672225804	Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)	When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation. Repealed the Nonintercourse Act (p. 138)	25
5672225805	War of 1812	A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British (continued violation of US neutral rights at sea) and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (p. 138)	26
5672416969	invasion of Canada	military strategy for beating the British poorly equipped American army easily repulsed by British	27
5672225806	Old Ironsides	The nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140)	28
5672225812	Andrew Jackson	In the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141)	29
5672225814	Creek Nation	This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141)	30
5672225815	Battle of New Orleans	On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141)	31
5672225816	Treaty of Ghent (1814)	The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. no concessions for prewar grievances (p. 141)	32
5672225817	Lewis and Clark Expedition	In 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134)	33
5672225818	Francis Scott Key	He wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. (p. 141)	34
5672225819	The Star Spangled Banner	The United States national anthem composed by Francis Scott Key in 1814. (p. 141)	35
5672464562	Legacy of the War of 1812	1. US gained respect of other nations 2. US accepted Canada as part of the British empire 3. the Federalist Party came to an end as a national force after being labeled as unpatriotic following the Hartford Convention 4. talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South 5. American Indians, abandoned by the British, were forced to cede lands to white settlers 6. US factories and industry developed because of British blockades 7. war heroes becomes a new generation of political leaders 8. nationalism grew	36