AP US History Unit 4 Flashcards

5287318202	Bill of Rights	The first 10 Amendments of the Constitution	0
5287318203	Judiciary Act of 1789	Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures	1
5287318204	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof The dogmatic teaching of the Catholic Church that when the earthly life of Mary was completed, she was taken body and soul into the presence of God	2
5287318205	Alexander Hamilton	First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt	3
5287318206	Tariff	A tax on imported goods	4
5287318207	Excise Tax	A tax on the production or sale of a good	5
5287318208	Bank of the United States	Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day	6
5287318209	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion	7
5287318210	Emergence of Political Parties	Rose out of debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over ratification of the Constitution	8
5287318211	Neutrality Treaty	The US will not sell war equipment to any belligerent nations	9
5287318212	Jay's Treaty	Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory	10
5287318213	Pickney's Treaty	When spain granted the americans everything they demanded, including free navigation of the Mississippi, the right of deposit and New Orleans, and the large disputed territory of Western Florida	11
5287318214	Washington's Farewell Adress	Warns against sectionalism and foreign affairs, wants everyone to stay strong as a nation. Encourages things written by Hamilton	12
5287318215	John Adams	Congressional representative from Massachusetts, 2nd president of the United States	13
5287318216	XYZ Affairs	Adams sent agents Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall to demand bribes and negotiate with France. Unfortunately, no negotiations were made and undeclared war broke out between France and United States	14
5287318217	Alien and Sedition Acts	A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies	15
5287318218	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional	16
5287318219	Democratic Republicans	Supporters of Thomas Jefferson	17
5287318220	Election of 1800	Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President	18
5287318221	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic-Republican	19
5287318222	Thomas Jefferson	Author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd President of the United States, 1st Democratic-Republican president	20
5287318223	Adams' Midnight Judges	Judges appointed by John Adams in 1801	21
5287318224	Marbury v. Madison	This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review	22
5287318225	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the United States Supreme court in the 1830s. He ruled in favor of the Cherokee during the case of Worchester vs. Georgia citing Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee land	23
5287318226	Haitian Revolution	Bloody revolt in Haiti (then St. Domingue) in order to gain independence from France	24
5287318227	Louisiana Purchase	1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US	25
5287318228	Lewis and Clark and Sacajawea	Hired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana territory and had Sacajawea to help them	26
5287318229	Aaron Burr	Presidential candidate who opposed Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel	27
5287318230	Impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service	28
5287318231	Embargo Act	1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. In reality, it hurt Americans and its economy and got repealed in 1809	29
5287318232	Non-Intercourse Act	Replaced the Embargo Act. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2	30
5287318233	Tecumseh and the "Prophet"	Unified tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois before and during the War of 1812. The Prophet led a revival of traditional culture and religion	31
5287318234	James Madison	4th President of the United States. President during the War of 1812, husband of Dolly Madison	32
5287318235	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and Great Britain which was trying to interfere with American trade with France	33
5287318236	Battle of New Orleans	A battle after the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost	34
5287318237	Treaty of Ghent	Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions	35
5287318238	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence	36
5287318239	Rush-Bagot Agreement	1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes	37
5287318240	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however	38
5287318241	"American System"	Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy	39
5287318242	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts	40
5287318243	Missouri Compromise	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	41
5287318244	McCulloch v. Maryland	Maryland imposes taxes on Second Bank of the United States. Cashier of bank (McCulloch) refuses to pay. Result: Congress has power to incorporate bank and Maryland cannot tax instruments of the fed. Gov. necessary and proper clause	42
5287318245	Gibbons v. Ogden	1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate commerce on interstate waterways	43
5287318246	Daniel Webster	A leading attorney who argued many famous cases in the Supreme Court. Congressman from New Hampshire and senator representing Massachusetts	44
5287318247	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in colonize within the United States or in other countries in the Western Hemisphere	45
5287318248	Corrupt Bargain	Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson	46
5287318249	Andrew Jackson	7th President of the United States. General during the War of 1812. Supported Native American removal. Is the only President to date to win the election, but not serve as president. Native of Tennessee, husband of Rachel Jackson	47
5287318250	Spoils System	A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends	48
5287318251	Alexis de Tocqueville	French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions	49
5287318252	Tariff of Abominations	Favored Western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes, thus favoring Northern manufacturers; in the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them & causing more sectionalist feelings	50
5287318253	John C. Calhoun	Warhawk from South Carolina, that caused South Carolina to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln	51
5287318254	Nullification Crisis	Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void	52
5287318255	Trail of Tears	The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles-to the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey	53
5287318256	Specie Circular	Issued by Andrew Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver	54
5287318257	Panic of 1837	Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation	55
5287318258	Battle of the Alamo	1836 attack on the Alamo mission in San Antonio by Mexican forces during the Texas revolution	56
5287318259	"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"	Political slogans used in the presidential election of 1840 when campaigning among the masses became more popular. "Log Cabins and Cider" was used to portray Harrison as a relatable common American who met with average people and drank cider with them. "Tippecanoe" refers to Harrison's military accomplishments which perfectly rhymed with "Tyler, too" which quickly added his vice presidential candidate John Tyler to his campaign	57
5287318260	"Jacksonian Democracy"	A policy of spreading more political power to more people	58
5287318261	Martin van Buren	8th President of the United States, president during the 1837 panic	59
5287318262	William Henry Harrison	9th President of the United States	60
5287318263	Ecological Imperialism	Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing	61
5287318264	"No Irish Need Apply"	A phrase that hung on many storefronts and in newspapers as an act of nativism	62
5287318265	Tammany Hall	Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed	63
5287318266	Know Nothing Party	Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party	64
5287318267	Cotton Gin	A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793	65
5287318268	McCormick Reaper	Harvested grain quickly, patented in 1834	66
5287318269	Cult of Domesticity	Tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activities for married women	67
5287318270	Turnpikes and Canals	Opened West to settlement and trade between 1790 and 1830	68
5287318271	Transportation Revolution	A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation	69
5287318272	Market Revolution	Economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves	70
5287318273	Deism	A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets	71
5287318274	Second Great Awakening	A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery	72
5287318275	Public Education in the Early 1800s	President Lamar best known for this	73
5287318276	Dorthea DIx	Concerned about conditions in jails, this reformer helped to change the way criminals and the mentally ill were treated	74
5287318277	American Temperance Society	Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption	75
5287318278	Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls	Organized by Lucretia Mott to show how women are equal to men	76
5287318279	Susan B. Anthony	Long association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony and Stanton co founded the National Women Suffrage association	77
5287318280	Oneida Community	A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children	78
5287318281	Shakers	A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist	79
5287318282	John J. Audubon	Naturalist who painted wild fowl in their natural habitat. Birds of America received considerable popularity	80
5287318283	Hudson River School of Art	A group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York Hudson River.	81
5287318284	Minstrel Shows	Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century	82
5287318285	Romanticism	19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason	83
5287318286	James Fenimore Cooper	American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans	84
5287318287	Transcendentalism	Philosophical movement of the mid-1800s that emphasized spiritual discovery and insight rather than reason	85
5287318288	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement	86
5287318289	Henry David Thoreau	Taught to use civil disobedience when trying to reform society	87
5287318290	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature	88
5287318291	Louisa May Alcott	American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women	89
5287318292	Emily Dickinson	American poet and wrote about loneliness, love, and death, and only published seven poems during her lifetime	90
5287318293	Edgar Allen Poe	American author, poet, editor, and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement	91