AP US History Chapter 30 Flashcards

8285351902	31 Jan 1917 - German declaration	Said they'd sink all ships in warzone (pulled strings form Sussex, a luxury the could no longer afford)	0
8285351903	Wilson _________ with Germany but refused to __________ unless ___________ started it	broke diplomatic relations — move closer to war — Germany	1
8285351904	Armed American merchant ships	- Wilson asked Congress for it - MW senators tried to stop it - Attempt to stop showed strength of American isolationism	2
8285351905	Zimmerman note	Arthur Zimmerman, on 1 March 1917, infuriated Americans, especially westerners, when he had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance, tempting anti-Yankee Mexico with promises of recovering TX, NM, and AZ	3
8285351906	"Overt" acts in the Atlantic	German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels in the first two weeks of March	4
8285351907	Causes of the declaration of war	- Russia had a revolution ending tsars -> America involved with the Allies - British harassment of American commerce and German killing of civilians	5
8285351908	2 Apr 1917 - Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war	- Myth later developed that they were brought into war because of the businessmen desperate to protect their profits and loans - Weapons merchants and financiers already thriving	6
8285351909	Wilson's involvement in the war	- Fearful for the American people - Put his leadership skills to the test - Respectful of American traditions but broke one of the most sacred ones by going into war	7
8285351910	Why would Americans not want to go to war?	- Isolationism for 1+ century - Bountiful profits gained through neutrality since 1914 - No fewer than 6 senators and 50 reps had voted against the war resolution	8
8285351911	Jeannette Rankin	From Montana, was the first congresswoman (against war resolution)	9
8285351912	Wilsonian idealism	- The goal being "to make the world safe for democracy" -> America sought only to shape an international order in which democracy could flourish without fear of autocrats and militarists, not conquest - Wilson strongly believed in these principles as well - No other appeal could have successfully converted the American people otherwise	10
8285351913	________ became recognized as the moral leader of the _______ cause	Wilson — Allied	11
8285351914	Fourteen Points Address (definition)	8 Jan 1918 - Primary purpose was to keep peace and prevent another world war — actually inspired Allies to make mightier efforts and demoralized enemy govts by holding out alluring promises to minorities	12
8285351915	First 5 points of the Fourteen Points Address and who they appealed to	1) Abolish secret treaties — pleased liberals of all countries 2) Freedom of the seas — appealed to the Germans and Americans who distrusted British sea power 3) Removal of economic barriers among nations — long goal of liberal nationalists everywhere (opposite of Embargo?) 4) Reduction of armament burdens — gratifying to taxpayers in all countries 5) Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of native peoples and colonizers — reassuring to anti-imperialists (helped delegitimize the old empires and opened the road to eventual national independence for millions of subjects	13
8285351916	Other points of the FPA	- Self-determination to the oppressed (Poles) - 14th point foreshadowed League of Nations	14
8285351917	Issues with the FPA	- Some Allies didn't like it - Devout Republicans grumbled	15
8285351918	Cause of the Committee on Public Information	Mobilizing people's minds for war in America and abroad	16
8285351919	Committee on Public Information	- Headed by George Creel - Government office during WWI, dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. Regularly distributed pro-war propaganda and set out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep" - Different types of propaganda — books, posters, pamphlets, etc.	17
8285351920	The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin and To Hell with the Kaiser	revealed the kaiser at his worst, made more hatred towards Germans	18
8285351921	How did George Creel typify American war mobilization?	He relied more on aroused passion and voluntary compliance than formal laws	19
8285351922	German Americans	- 8 million, proved to be loyal to the US - Some tarred, feathered, and beaten; one German socialist was even lynched (and diarrhea epidemics were blamed on them too!)	20
8285351923	German hatred and things done against German culture/people	- Orchestras didn't present German-composed music - German books removed from library shelves - German classes canceled in HS and colleges - Beer, sauerkraut, and hamburger became "suspects"	21
8285351924	Espionage Act	Prohibited interference with the draft and other acts of national disloyalty. Created a climate with the Sedition Act unfriendly to civil liberties	22
8285351925	Sedition Act of 1918	Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WWI	23
8285351926	The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 reflected:	current fears about Germans and anti-war Americans (especially Socialists and people in the IWW)	24
8285351927	Socialists and Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) persecuted	- Eugene V. Debs — convicted under Espionage Act and sentenced to ten years - William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood and 90 associates (IWW) convicted - Any criticism of the government could be censored and punished	25
8285351928	Schenck v. United States	SC affirmed their legality, arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked when such a speech posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation	26
8285351929	T/F: Wilson prepared for war measures far in advance	False, he only belatedly backed measures for war	27
8285351930	Council of National Defense	Appointed by Wilson, study problems of economic mobilization	28
8285351931	Shipbuilding program	(Capture belligerents' war-disputed foreign trade as to anticipate American's possible entry into the war) endorsed increase army	29
8285351932	Obstacles for economic mobilization	- Ignorance -> No one knew how much steel or explosive powder the country was able to produce - Old ideas (traditional fears of big government efforts to conduct economy from DC) -> States' rights Democrats and business people	30
8285351933	War Industries Board	- Led by Bernard Baruch appointed by Wilson - Set a precedent for the fed govt to take a central role in economic planning and in moments of crisis - After armistice, Americans returned to laissez-faire and weak central govt — Great Depression of 1930s, policymakers would look at agencies like these for models -- Definition: Coordinated industrial production during WWI, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Industrial production increased 20% during war	31
8285351934	"Labor Will Win the War"	Made many Americans work to victory	32
8285351935	"Work or fight"	(1918) Threatened any unemployed male with being immediately drafted	33
8285351936	National War Labor Board	(Taft) Exercised itself to prevent labor disputes that might hamper the war effort. Pursued employers to grant concessions to labor (high wages and 8-hour day) Didn't give a government guarantee of the right to organize into unions	34
8285351937	The ______ supported the war	AFL	35
8285351938	Industrial Workers of the World	- Did not support the war, known as "Wobblies" -- Def: Radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal. Appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners (suffered from poor working conditions)	36
8285351939	Mainstream labor's loyalty — how was it rewarded?	AFL doubled its membership, and real wages (after adjusting for inflation) had risen more than 20% over pre-war levels	37
8285351940	Labor grievances	- No right to organize yet - Wartime inflation threatened to lower wage gains - Not even patriotism and Wilsonian idealism could defuse labor disputes	38
8285351941	Great Steel Strike of 1919	- 250k+ steelworkers went on strike to get the right to organize and bargain - Steel companies resisted, hired 30k Af-Am strikebreakers - Bitter confrontations left more than a dozen workers dead, steel strike collapsed, setback crippled union movement for more than a decade	39
8285351942	Af-Am workers	- 1919 strikebreakers were a fraction of the S blacks drawn to N in wartime — foreshadowed large trek that would grow into a large movement - Appearance of them sparked interracial violence	40
8285351943	East St. Louis riots	Outbreak of labor and race violence that lead to 9 whites and 40 blacks dead	41
8285351944	Chicago riot	- Racial tension from growing black population expanding into white working-class neighborhoods and being strikebreakers in meatpacking plants - July 1919 on a beach, reign of terror went for two weeks - Killed 15 whites and 23 blacks	42
8285351945	Women working (again)	Female workers went into factories and fields to take jobs occupied by men who left for war	43
8285351946	How did war split feminism?	- Many were pacifists (America and women in war effort) -> National Woman's Party by Alice Paul: protested Wilson with marches and hunger strikes - NAWSA supported it: argued that women must take part in the war effort to earn a role in shaping the peace. Fight for democracy abroad would benefit it domestically	44
8285351947	Suffrage fight	- Wilson endorsed woman suffrage as "a vitally necessary war measure" — impressed by women's work - 1917 - NY, MI, OK, and SD (NY first, others followed) gave women suffrage - 1918 - GB, Austria, Hungary, and Germany — women suffrage	45
8285351948	Nineteenth Amendment	1920 - gave all women the right to vote	46
8285351949	Economic negatives of war	- Most women workers gave up their war jobs - Congress supported role of women in the house	47
8285351950	Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921	- Provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care - Act also expanded the power of fed govt in family welfare	48
8285351951	Reforms even after the 19th Amendment	Wanted more laws to protect women in the workplace and prohibit child labor	49
8285351952	WWI efforts foreshadowed:	when women's wage-labor and political power would reshape the American way of life	50
8285351953	Characteristics of the war economy	- Mobilization relied on patriotism and law - Voluntary organization - Safe distance and government powers in the US - Government took greater command of the nation's resources to secure an Allied victory	51
8285351954	Food Administration	- Led by Herbert C. Hoover, America had to feed itself and its allies - Didn't like compulsory things, wanted voluntary - Didn't issue ration cards — used propaganda "Meatless Tuesdays" and "Wheatless Wednesdays"	52
8285351955	Prohibition	- Congress restricted the use of foodstuffs for alcohol — discipline from war helped advance temperance - Leading brewers were also German (anti-German) - 18th Amendment (1919) Prohibited all alcoholic drinks	53
8285351956	Hoover's approach was a success. Explain the consequences/effects of it	- Farm production increased by ¼, food exports to Allies tripled - Imitated by other agencies (Fuel Administration) - Treasury Department sponsored parades (Victory Loan) — $21 billion (⅔ cost of war)	54
8285351957	Bonds	People used pressure to convince reluctant investors (often roughly handled)	55
8285351958	Effect of voluntary means of mobilizing the economy	- Expanded the federal government in size and power - War Industries Board issued production quotas, allocated raw materials, and set prices for government purchases - Fed. government took over RRs in late 1917 (traffic) - Daylight savings time	56
8285351959	American force in France	- April and May 1917 - European allies said they'd need a large American army raised, or the whole western front would collapse (would ship war materials and loans) - Wilson reluctantly went to conscription	57
8285351960	Selective Service Act of 1917	Required registration of all males between 18-45 — no purchasing exemption or hiring a substitute (excluded men in shipbuilding). Met protest in Congress	58
8285351961	Effect of the SSA	Worked effectively, no shedding of blood — did have 337k "slackers" and 4k excused	59
8285351962	Army size and characteristics	- 4 million men, women admitted for the first time - Af-Ams segregated and under white officers -> Racism — authorities hesitated to train black men for combat, and most assigned to "construction battalions" or unloading ships - Supposed to get 6 months of training in the US and 2 months overseas — highly needed and most didn't get any	60
8285351963	Russia's collapse	- Bolsheviks withdrew from the war in early 1918 - Made hundreds of thousands of Germans go against France	61
8285351964	German calculations	- Counted on destroying Britain 6 months after declaration of unlimited U-boats - Inability of Americans to transport their army (shipping shortages)	62
8285351965	American doughboys	- Went in France, used as replacements for Allied armies and deployed in quiet sectors with British and French - French women! - Suffered from disease	63
8285351966	American operations not in France	- Belgium, Italy, and Russia - Archangel: Hoped to keep stores of weapons from falling into German hands when Russia stopped fighting, Allied invasion of N. Russia - Siberia: Prevent* Japan from getting a stranglehold on Siberia, rescue Czechoslovak troops, and get military supplies* from Russia - Both were bloody	64
8285351967	German drive on the Western front	- 500k troops - Allied troops united under French marshal Foch	65
8285351968	Château-Thierry	(1918) The first significant engagement of American troops in WWI and in any European war. To weary French soldiers, the American doughboys were an image of fresh and gleaming youth. It was now clear that America > Russia	66
8285351969	Second Battle of the Marne	- German force ←→ American men in Foch counteroffensive - Marked beginning of German withdrawal never reversed	67
8285351970	Battle of Saint-Mihiel	Nine American divisions on 12 Sept 1918 joined four French divisions to push Germans from the St. Mihiel salient, a German dagger in France's flank	68
8285351971	General John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing	Americans wanted a separate army, so he was assigned an 85 mile front	69
8285351972	Meure-Argonne offensive	(26 Sept to 11 Nov 1918) - Pershing led American troops in this effort to cut the German railroad lines supplying the western front. It was one of the few major battles that Americans participated in during the entire war and was still underway when the war ended - Alvin C. York became a hero when he single-handedly killed 20 Germans and captured 132 more - Running low on supplies, allies deserting them though - Propaganda came along too (Wilsonian promises)	70
8285351973	German surrender	Wanted peace with Wilson — Wilson said the kaiser must be thrown overboard -> Kaiser fled to Holland	71
8285351974	America at German surrender	- Rejoiced - Costs: 9 million soldiers, 20 million wounded, 30 million from influenza from 1918-1919 — 550k Americans from the flu	72
8285351975	US' main contributions to the ultimate victory	- Foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil, and manpower — not battlefield victories - The prospect of endless US troops, not the performance, demoralized Germans	73
8285351976	How did Pershing depend more on Allies than they depended on him?	- Army purchased more of its supplies from Europe than it shipped from the US (aircraft, artillery, etc.) - British and French transported majority of doughboys to Europe	74
8285351977	Expectations of Wilson — why?	Became a moral leader with the prestige of victory and economic resources	75
8285351978	Peace at Paris	- Wilson broke the truce by personally appealing for a Democratic victory in the congressional elections of Nov 1918 - Backfired when voters returned narrow Republican majority to Congress - Went to Paris as a diminished leader	76
8285351979	Wilson's decision to go in person to Paris brought issues — why?	- Looked like an ostentatious grandstanding - Wilson ignored Senate in assembling his peace delegation and neglected to include a single Republican senator in his official party	77
8285351980	Henry Cabot Lodge vs Wilson	Hated each other	78
8285351981	Welcoming of Wilson by different countries	- Welcomed by the French, English, and Italians - Statesman of France and Italy afraid he would incite an overthrow	79
8285351982	Paris Conference	- "The Big Four" — Wilson, Premier Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and Premier Georges Clemenceau ("the Tiger" and "organizer of victory") - Speed was urgent (anarchy and communism)	80
8285351983	League of Nations	- A world organization of national governments proposed by Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Despite emotional appeals by Wilson, isolationists' objections to the League created the major obstacle to American signing of the Treaty of Versailles - Victors would not take possession of the conquered territory but would receive it as trustees of the LoN	81
8285351984	Senate storms over the LoN	- Republican senators saw the League as useless or over-potent - Composed of irreconcilables	82
8285351985	Irreconcilables	Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the LoN after WWI. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization	83
8285351986	Saar Valley and Rhineland	- French wanted it (Saar = coal) - Wilsonian opposition, compromise would make Saar under LoN, and a treaty after 15 years by pop. vote would decide its fate - France got the Security Treaty - Pact rejected by US Senate	84
8285351987	Security Treaty	After the French had to give up the Saar Valley, this treaty stated that Britain and America were pledged to come to its aid in the event of another German invasion	85
8285351988	Fiume (seaport) in Italy	Wilson insisted it goes to Yugoslavia (upset Italians)	86
8285351989	Shandong Peninsula and German Islands in the Pacific	- Japan got the German islands, but Wilson opposed control of Shandong (violated self-determination) - Japanese threatened to walk out -> Wilson compromised (get Shandong later -> Upset the Chinese	87
8285351990	Treaty of Versailles	Concluded WWI — secured peace but imposed sharp terms on Germany and created a territorial mandate system to manage former colonies of the world powers. To Wilson's discontent, it incorporated very few of his original 14 Points, although it did include the LoN that Wilson had long sought. Isolationists in the US, deeply opposed to the LoN, led the opposition to the treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate	88
8285351991	The Allies were often sanctioned by:	secret treaties	89
8285351992	Effects of the Treaty of Versailles	- Wilson now a fallen idol condemned by liberals and imperialists alike - Liberation of millions of minority peoples (Poles) from dynasties - Turned out to be fairer because he had gone to Paris	90
8285351993	In the early times of the Treaty, opposition was:	not major	91
8285351994	Senator Lodge and his actions towards the Treaty	- Wanted to Americanize it to that the Republicans could claim political credit for the changes - Read the 264-page treaty aloud in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and allowed people to share their grievances	92
8285351995	Presidential tour	- Sept 1919 began — Wilson - MW received Wilson "lukewarmly" due to German American influence. Borah and Johnson (later) came and influenced crowds to "Impeach him!" - Rocky Mtns and Pacific Coast — elected him in 1916 election, openly welcomed him - Pueblo, Colorado — cried pleading for LoN as real hope of preventing future wars → collapsed from physical and nervous exhaustion - Stroke, did not meet with his cabinet for more than 7 months	93
8285351996	Lodge's fourteen formal reservations	Came up with it to the treaty, which reserved the rights of the US under the Monroe Doctrine and Constitution to protect American sovereignty	94
8285351997	Article X of the LoN	Morally bound US to aid any member victimized by external aggression -> Congress wanted war-declaring power	95
8285351998	Lodge reservations in Senate	- Wilson asked Democrats to vote against the treaty - Rejected (with irreconcilables) 55-39 - No simple majority could be agreed upon - Treaty failed to get ⅔ majority (but did get simple majority) and was thus not passed	96
8285351999	Who defeated the Treaty?	- Lodge-Wilson personal feud, traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment, and partisanship - Wilson asked for all or nothing and got nothing	97
8285352000	Solemn referendum	Wilson's belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations	98
8285352001	Republican "platform" (1920)	- Old Guard and bull moosers (TR died in 1919) - Teeter-totter rather than a platform — appeal to pro-League and anti-League - Elected Warren G. Harding	99
8285352002	Room 404 of the Hotel Blackstone	Group of Senate bosses decided on Harding and Governor Calvin ("Silent Cal" Coolidge")	100
8285352003	Democrat convention/platform	- Governor James M. Cox and Franking D. Roosevelt - Wanted to make the campaign a referendum on the League - Harding made contradictory statements - Pro-League and anti-League Republicans said it would advance their cause and he would work for an Association of Nations (not League)	101
8285352004	Election of 1920	- Newly enfranchised women — 7 million votes more for Harding - The people wanted "normalcy" (no idealism, do-goodism, no moral overstrain, and no self-sacrifice) - Republican isolationists turned Harding's victory into a death blow for the League	102
8285352005	Would the League have prevented WWII?	- Yes - would have made a "UN" before the UN - No - Allies seemed to be blamed but accused the US	103
8285352006	Senate spurning the Security Treaty with France	- French built up strong military force for fear of Germans - Germany rearmed illegally - Uncertainty and suspicion that led to hitler	104
8285352007	Faults of the US in WWI	- Would have behooved the US to assume its war-born responsibilities and embraced the role of a global leader - Should have used its strength to shape events - Instead led to another world war...	105