AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards
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| 5715889055 | Fire-eaters | refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America. | 0 | |
| 5715889056 | Democratic party in 1848 | - Polk pledged himself to one term - Democrat convention went to General Lewis Cass - Silent on slavery | 1 | |
| 5715889057 | Lewis Cass | Democrat candidate who believed slavery should be decided based on popular sovereignty | 2 | |
| 5715889058 | Popular sovereignty | People in the territory should determine the status of slavery | 3 | |
| 5715889059 | Aspects of popular sovereignty | - Public liked it because it went along with democratic self-determination - Politicians liked it because it seemed to be a compromise - Advocates hoped to dissolve the issue - Could serve to spread slavery | 4 | |
| 5715889060 | Whig party in 1848 | - Nominated General Zachary Taylor, not Clay because enemies and issues with him - Avoided troubling issues, focused on the good | 5 | |
| 5715889061 | General Zachary Taylor | Candidate for the Whigs, had slaves, didn't commit himself to the issue | 6 | |
| 5715889062 | Free Soil Party | - Formed because of the avoidance by both parties of slavery - Wanted no slavery in the new land to the west - Keep West an opportunity for whites only - Not against slavery in the South - Homesteads for settlers, internal improvements - Not radical, disunited other than opposing extension of slavery | 7 | |
| 5715889063 | Types of people in the Free Soil Party | - Industrialists against Polk's tariff - Democrats against Polk (all of TX but not OR) - Northerners against blacks and sharing land with them - Conscience Whigs - condemned slavery on moral grounds | 8 | |
| 5715889064 | Why Free Soilers were against slavery | - Would take jobs from whites, meaning they couldn't own land - Only traditional American commitment would allow mobility to flourish | 9 | |
| 5715889065 | Issues with the election of 1848 | - Focused on personalities instead of slavery - Taylor won, free soilers diverted votes from Cass in NY | 10 | |
| 5715889066 | Sutter's Mill | Discovery of gold in California starting the gold rush | 11 | |
| 5715889067 | California gold rush | - Many were luckless, better off at home, ended up sick - People charged high rates for materials - 49ers kept chasing dream of gold - Australia 1851 | 12 | |
| 5715889068 | Results of the gold rush | - Attracted thousands of people to CA, overwhelming govt - Outburst of crime | 13 | |
| 5715889069 | California on slavery | Drafted a constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery, applied to Congress → Alarmed Southerners wanting to block free soil | 14 | |
| 5715889070 | Positives of the South in 1850 | - Had a southern president, Taylor - Majority in cabinet and the SC - Equality in Senate (thus far) - Cotton fields expanding and became more profitable | 15 | |
| 5715889071 | Worries in the South (1850) | - Initially, 15 free and 15 slaves, now with CA meant more free states - Texas had disputed area - Northern advocation for abolishment in DC - Underground Railroad | 16 | |
| 5715889072 | Underground Railroad | Informal chain of anti-slavery homes through which white and black abolitionists assisted slaves in escaping from slave states to the North or Canada | 17 | |
| 5715889073 | Harriet Tubman | Major conductor in the Railroad, 19 ventures south, saved 300+ slaves including her parents | 18 | |
| 5715889074 | Southern defense of slavery | Said it was a violation of their Constitutional rights | 19 | |
| 5715889075 | Clay's speech | Proposed a series of compromises, North should yield by allowing feasible slave law, seconded by Stephen Douglas | 20 | |
| 5715889076 | Calhoun's speech | - Approved of Clay's purpose but not enough safeguards for the South. - Leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give South its rights, and political balance - Attempted to preserve union and stand on Constitution but undid it | 21 | |
| 5715889077 | Seventh of March speech | Daniel Webster - Urged all reasonable concessions to the South, including a new FSL - God "passed" the Wilmot Proviso - why debate over it? - Poor geography didn't allow for a plantation economy to exist (he was wrong on this) - Only compromise, concessions, and reasonableness would provide solutions | 22 | |
| 5715889078 | Results of the Seventh of March speech | - Helped turn the North to compromise - Strengthened Union sentiment - Pleasing for banking and commercial centers in the North because they would lose by secession - Made free soilers and abolitionists feel betrayed - he regarded slavery as evil but disunion as worse | 23 | |
| 5715889079 | Young Guard | Purging and purifying the Union rather than preserving it | 24 | |
| 5715889080 | William H. Seward | - Anti-slavery, against concessions for the South - Didn't realize compromise unified - Against slavery in the new territories because of a "higher law" than the Constitution | 25 | |
| 5715889081 | Issue of Texas boundary | - Taylor was thought to march to TX and hang them for threatening to invade New Mexico - Didn't - Civil War could have occurred earlier because the South would have defended them | 26 | |
| 5715889082 | Millard Fillmore | VP of Taylor; Taylor died, he became president and signed the Compromise of 1850 | 27 | |
| 5715889083 | Compromise of 1850 | - California admitted as a free state - Mexican Cession land; Utah and New Mexico set up as territories and slavery determined by popular sovereignty - Ban slave trade in DC - New fugitive slave law for the South - Settled border dispute between NM and TX in NM favor | 28 | |
| 5715889084 | Nashville Convention | - Southern extremists met in Nashville in 1850 - In favor of slavery but condemned the concessions - Met again in November - Southern opinion was reluctantly for concessions in Congress at the time | 29 | |
| 5715889085 | Acceptance of the concessions of the Compromise | Strengthened by relief and prosperity of the CA gold rush as well as Union-savers like Clay, Webster, and Douglas | 30 | |
| 5715889086 | 2nd Era of Good Feelings | General peace because of the Compromise but the Fugitive Slave Law made tension | 31 | |
| 5715889087 | The _____ got the better concessions | North | 32 | |
| 5715889088 | Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 | - Increase in sectional tension - Turned North into hunting ground for fugitive slaves - Northerners who assisted runaways could be arrested - Slaves could not testify in court, denied a jury trial | 33 | |
| 5715889089 | Results of the Fugitive Slave Law | - Caused moderates to join antislavery forces - Personal Liberty Laws - Vigilance Committees | 34 | |
| 5715889090 | Personal Liberty Laws | Did not allow use of local jails for housing fugitive slaves | 35 | |
| 5715889091 | Vigilance Committees | Goal to protect fugitive slaves from slave catchers | 36 | |
| 5715889092 | Anthony Burns | 1853 slave who escaped from slavery | 37 | |
| 5715889093 | Benefits the North had in the 1850s | - North gaining population and wealth - Delay added to moral strength and gave time to accumulate materials - Moderates resisted secession at any cost - Fought for the Union | 38 | |
| 5715889094 | Franklin Pierce | - Candidate for the Democrats - Indecisive, proslavery - Revived Democrat commitment to expansion | 39 | |
| 5715889095 | Whigs in the election of 1852 | Chose Winfield Scott, didn't boast about the Compromise of 1850 as much as the Democrats | 40 | |
| 5715889096 | Whig party split | - South - doubted Scott's loyalty to the Compromise and Slave Law - North - deplored platform but accepted Scott | 41 | |
| 5715889097 | Election of 1852 | - Free soil party might have taken votes from the Whigs - Ended the whig disorganization and later death | 42 | |
| 5715889098 | End of the Whigs | Disorganization because of the FSL and other sectional issues. They contributed to upholding the Union and providing valuable statesmen | 43 | |
| 5715889099 | The ________ and the ________ reinvigorated the spirit of Manifest Destiny | MX War and CA gold rush | 44 | |
| 5715889100 | Concerns about Central America | - Aroused because of the gold rush - Atlantic-to-Pacific transportation route → whoever took control of it would hold maritime supremacy | 45 | |
| 5715889101 | Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty | - New Granada (Colombia) gave American right of transit across the isthmus - US would maintain perfect neutrality so free transit traffic wouldn't be interrupted | 46 | |
| 5715889102 | Results of the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty | - Led to Panama Railway - Future for Panama Canal | 47 | |
| 5715889103 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | Neither US nor Britain would seek exclusive control of the isthmus waterway | 48 | |
| 5715889104 | William Walker | Attempted to take control of Nicaragua to make it a slave state; failed because of an alliance of Central American countries (Mnemonic: William Walkeragua) | 49 | |
| 5715889105 | Cuba | - Owned by Spain, held large population and could restore political balance in Senate - Two attempts of Southerners to take Cuba but failed | 50 | |
| 5715889106 | Black Warrior | Steamship of the US, captured by Spain, could provoke war | 51 | |
| 5715889107 | Ostend Manifesto | The proclamation that the US would pay $120 million for Cuba, and if Spain refused, the US would be justified in taking it if it threatened the US. Pierce dropped it. (Free-soilers?) | 52 | |
| 5715889108 | Results of the Ostend Manifesto | Free soilers condemned it, led to Civil War by South attempting to gain more slave states | 53 | |
| 5715889109 | _______ and _______ made the US a Pacific power | OR and CA | 54 | |
| 5715889110 | Opium War | - War between Britain and China for traders' rights for opium - Britain got five treaty ports and Hong Kong | 55 | |
| 5715889111 | Caleb Cushing | Sent by John Tyler to get equal ports in China | 56 | |
| 5715889112 | Treaty of Wanghia | - First diplomatic agreement between the US and China - US became the "most favored nation" and "extraterritoriality" - Missionaries came to save the people | 57 | |
| 5715889113 | Extraterritoriality | Would make Americans accused of crimes in China appear before a US court | 58 | |
| 5715889114 | Result of the Treaty of Wanghia | Inspired mission to Japan | 59 | |
| 5715889115 | Matthew C. Perry | - Brought American technology to Japan, dispatched by Fillmore - Asked for free trade and friendly relations - Left and came back a year later | 60 | |
| 5715889116 | Treaty of Kanagawa | - Proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors - American coaling rights in Japan - Established diplomatic relations | 61 | |
| 5715889117 | Meiji Restoration | Period began by the Kanagawa Treaty of restoration in Japan | 62 | |
| 5715889118 | Transportation issues in the Americas | - Too long from the isthmus of Panama - Camels proposed, brought in, didn't work out - *South wanted a railroad to gain economic momentum* | 63 | |
| 5715889119 | Gadsden Purchase | - SW part of the US from MX for $10 million - Opposed by the North, passed Senate to eliminate window on the Sea of Cortez |  | 64 |
| 5715889120 | James Gadsden | Sent by Jefferson Davis to negotiate with Santa Anna for the territory (Anna lacked $$) | 65 | |
| 5715889121 | Why do the Gadsden Purchase | - Terrain was less mountainous - Didn't go through unorganized territory (NM had defense against Indians, but Nebraska didn't) - North argued that Nebraska should become organized | 66 | |
| 5715889122 | Stephen Douglas | Creator of the KS-NE Act, made as a response to the Gadsden Purchase (also invested in real estate and railway stocks and didn't want to lose money) | 67 | |
| 5715889123 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | - Territory of Nebraska would be split into Nebraska and Kansas - Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty - Likely that Kansas would be slave and Nebraska free (KS[lave], N[fre]E) - Southerners supported it in hopes of gaining a slave state | 68 | |
| 5715889124 | Issues with the Kansas-Nebraska Act | - Free-soilers disliked it - Would have to repeal the MO Comp, which distinguished the two regions | 69 | |
| 5715889125 | How Douglas provoked issues in the US | - Repeal of the MO Comp made the North feel breached of faith - Predicted a conflict but underestimated the scale | 70 | |
| 5715889126 | Results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act | - Led to War virtually directly - Antislavery northerners upset → would make more difficult to compromise with the South → conflict - Made Fugitive Slave Law invalid | 71 | |
| 5715889127 | Republican Party | - Spontaneously occurred as protest against the Kansas-Nebraska Act - Included Whigs, Democrats, free soilers, Know-Nothings, and others against the KS-NE Act - Spread eastward quickly, became 2nd major political party - Not allowed South of the Mason-Dixon Line... | 72 | |
| 5715889128 | Why did Southerners want a stronger fugitive slave law? | The Underground Railroad assistance from northern abolitionists seem a moral judgment against slavery | 73 |