AP US History Chapter 4 Flashcards

5170021388	Health issues in the Chesapeake Bay	- Cut off ten years for immigrants - Average lifespan was 20 years - Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid were major diseases - Death within seven years of marriage - Not common to have grandparent	0
5170021389	Ratio of men to women in 1650	6:1	1
5170021390	Issues with tobacco as more was produced	- Ran out of land; more farmers went west (Native contact) - Failing prices planting more	2
5170021391	Slave/servant problems in the Chesapeake Bay	- Natives died too quickly upon white man contact - Africans were too expensive - Whites were dying - Solution was indentured servants	3
5170021392	Indentured servants	displaced farmers coming to the colonies to work for several years and "received" parcels of land and some money at the end (3/4 of the immigrants to the colonies were indentured servants)	4
5170021393	Headright system and who got the benefits	those who paid for the passage of a laborer got 50 acres of land land owners got benefits	5
5170021394	Issues with indentured servants that impacted themselves	- Masters became more strict as their term came to an end - Often had to go back to the previous master and work on low wages - Became an unreliable source	6
5170021395	What type of people weren't able to marry or get land?	freemen	7
5170021396	Governor of Virginia in 1676	William Berkeley	8
5170021397	Causes of Bacon's Rebellion	- Freemen unable to marry women or find land after term - Disliked friendly policy towards Natives - Nathaniel Bacon led them	9
5170021398	Bacon's Rebellion (characteristics)	1676 - Went on a Native killing spree - Chased Berkeley out of Jamestown - Set fire to Jamestown - Nathaniel Bacon died - Rebellion collapsed	10
5170021399	Results of Bacon's Rebellion	- 20+ rebels hung by Berkeley - Tensions remained - Landowners went to African slavery because the indentured servants seemed to be an unreliable labor source	11
5170021400	Reasons for transition to African slavery	- Indentured servants are seen as unreliable labor source - Rising wages in England led to deficit of indentured servants	12
5170021401	African slavery (characteristics)	- Black slaves outnumbered white servants in plantation colonies by 1680s - Royal African Company - lost charter to monopolize carrying African slaves to the colonies - Rhode Island rushed to trading slave industry - Slaves captured from West African tribes and traded to colonists	13
5170021402	Middle Passage	the passage from Africa to the West - The death rate was 20% - survivors sold in auctions in major port cities	14
5170021403	Triangular trade and what was traded		15
5170021404	Slave codes made...	blacks and their children property for life to their masters	16
5170021405	chattels	"property" (that being African slaves)	17
5170021406	Racism in the colonies	- some made illegal to teach slaves to read or write - not even Christianity would make them free - originally economic reasons - now was racial discrimination	18
5170021407	Slave life in the Deep South	- Climate was hostile to health - Labor was life-draining - South Carolina rice and indigo plantations - male Africans worked then died - Only new slaves could sustain population	19
5170021408	Slave life in the Chesapeake Region	- Tobacco was less demanding - Size and proximity allowed more contact with friends and relatives - 1720 - female population in Chesapeake bay rose to make family life possible - Procreation of fertility and new imports for population	20
5170021409	Things leading growth of stable and distinctive slave culture	- Native-born African Americans - Language	21
5170021410	Gullah	Blended English with African languages like Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa (remember yih)	22
5170021411	Impacts of slave culture	- Words introduced like voodoo, goober, and gumbo - Ringshout (dancing in circle with preacher in middle) led to jazz - Banjo and bongo drum - Became artisans - Menial tasks were taken care of	23
5170021412	NYC Slave revolt	1712 - Death of 12 whites and 21 blacks - Some burned at stake over slow fire	24
5170021413	Stono River Rebellion	1739 - Tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by local militia - 50 Southern Carolina blacks	25
5170021414	T/F: No slave uprising in US history matched the scale of Bacon's Rebellion	true	26
5170021415	Southern colonies social class		27
5170021416	Top of social group (characteristics)	Plantation owners - monopolized political power - Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons were major names in the social class - Possessed Virginia real estate - Dominated House of Burgesses - Before Revolutionary War, 70% of leaders of VA legislature came from families in VA before the 1690s (FFVs) - Usually labored over plantation issues and worked extremely hard	28
5170021417	FFVs	First Families of Virginia	29
5170021418	Largest social group	Small farmers - Tilled modest plots - Owned maybe 1-2 slaves - Ragged existence	30
5170021419	Lower social group than small farmers	Landless whites who were former indentured servants and never got their payment	31
5170021420	Lower social group than landless whites	Indentured servants still serving, whose numbers diminished as African slaves replaced them	32
5170021421	Issues with Southern cities	- Few cities, so water provided most transportation - Economy revolved around plantations - Professional class was slow to emerge - Family burial plots in the South occurred because the roads were bad for funeral parties	33
5170021422	New England families - factors that contributed to better conditions	- Clean water and cooler temperatures (less disease) - Immigrants added 10 years when settling in New England - 70-year life expectancy for Puritan colonists - People reproduced - Migrated as families - TIGHTLY-KNIT FAMILIES	34
5170021423	Characteristics of New England families	- Mothers had many kids - Strong social characteristics - Children received habits of obedience and guidance from their parents and grandparents - Family stability reflected in low premarital pregnancy rates	35
5170021424	Southern vs. New England property rights	— South - men died young in South, leaving wife as a widow. The wife was allowed to retain separate title to her property and got her husband's property rights to herself when he died — New England - Puritan lawmakers feared that recognizing separate property rights acknowledged conflicting interests - women gave up property rights when married	36
5170021425	Women's rights	- Believed women were weaker than men - Women kept house and men worked with their hands - New England would separate abusive spouses	37
5170021426	Midwifery	Assists with childbirths - Fostered bonds - One midwife alone delivered 3000+ babies	38
5170021427	Punishments and routine for divorce	- Divorce was rare but was allowed for abandonment and/or adultery - If adultery occurred, the offender would be whipped and public and would have the letter "A" stitched to their clothes forever	39
5170021428	Life in the New England Towns	- Tight-knit communities - Puritans close together - New towns legally chartered by colonial authorities	40
5170021429	New town-founding process	- Land distributed by proprietors after charter was issued from colonial authority - Moved to designated place with family and laid out the plan of the town - Each family got wood lot for fuel, a tract for growing crops, and another for pasturing animals	41
5170021430	Who could vote in the meeting houses to elect leaders, schoolmasters, discuss issues, etc.?	Adult males	42
5170021431	Jeremiad	- Scolded parishioners for their declining and weaker faith - Decline in conversions	43
5170021432	Half-way Covenant	"allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights" - Weakened distinction between elect and others - Weaker spiritual purity	44
5170021433	T/F: Women became minority of the congregation	false	45
5170021434	Origin of Salem Witch Trials	Group of adolescents in Salem, MA were "bewitched" by certain older women	46
5170021435	Results of Salem Witch Trials	- 19 hung, 1 pressed to death, and 2 dogs hung - Most accused witches came from wealthy families - Most accusers came from subsistence farming families - Showed tension between classes	47
5170021436	Why was New England less ethnically mixed?	Because Europeans wouldn't want to come to a place with stony soil and angry preachers	48
5170021437	Justification for expanding?	Improve land by clearing lands for urban usage	49
5170021438	How did animals have an impact on the environment?	- Had a large appetite - Stomped on earth, which led to flooding - Changed local climates	50
5170021439	Economy of New England	Fishing - cod off of coast of Newfoundland Lumber Shipbuilding - more exports of cod led to building better ships	51
5170021440	Impacts of Puritans in America	- Scattered across the whole US - Town democracy - High idealism in national character	52
5170021441	Leisler's Rebellion	Caused by animosity between landholders and merchants	53
5170021442	T/F: Life expectancy among the 17th settlers of Maryland and Virginia was about 60 years	False. It was about 20	54
5170021443	T/F: Because men greatly outnumbered women in the Chesapeake region, a fierce competition arose among men for scarce females to marry	True.	55
5170021444	T/F: Pregnancies among unmarried young women were common in the 17th century colonial south	True.	56
5170021445	T/F: Chesapeake Bay tobacco planters responded to falling prices by cutting back production	False. They made more of it and expanded West.	57
5170021446	T/F: The headright system of land grants to those who brought laborers to America primarily benefited wealthy planters rather than the poor indentured servants	True.	58
5170021447	T/F: Most of the European immigrants who came to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century were poor indentured servants	True.	59
5170021448	T/F: Bacon's Rebellion involved an alliance of white indentured servants with Virginia's Indians in an attack on the elite planter class.	False. It involved an alliance of freemen.	60
5170021449	T/F: African slaves began to outnumber white indentured servants as the primary labor supply in the plantation colonies by the 1680s.	True.	61
5170021450	T/F: Slaves brought to North America developed a culture that mixed African and American speech, religion, and patterns of life.	True.	62
5170021451	T/F: Directly beneath the wealthy slave-owning planters, in the southern social structure, were the white indentured servants.	False. The white indentured servants were under the landless whites, which were right under the small farmers, which were under the slave-owning planters.	63
5170021452	T/F: New Englanders' long lives contributed to the general stability and order of their childrearing and family life.	True.	64
5170021453	T/F: New England expansion was carried out primarily by independent pioneers and land speculators who bought up large plots and then sold them to individual farmers.	False. The colonial authorities gave a charter to the proprietors, who gave out land to each family.	65
5170021454	T/F: The development of the Half-Way Covenant, in the 1660s, reflected both a decline in Puritan religious fervor and a broadening of religious participation.	True.	66
5170021455	T/F: The Salem Witch Trials reflected the persecution of poor women by upper-class males and clergy	False. The upper-class women were accused by the poorer classes	67
5170021456	T/F: New Englanders' Calvinist heritage and stern, self-reliant character created a legacy of high idealism and reform that greatly affected later American society	True.	68
5170021457	For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia	contained far more men than women	69
5170021458	The primary beneficiaries of the headright system were	well-off planters who acquired land by paying the transatlantic passage for indentured servants	70
5170021459	The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was	the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land	71
5170021460	African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when	Bacon's Rebellion and rising wages in England made white indentured servants no longer a reliable labor force	72
5170021461	Most of the slaves who eventually reached North America were originally	captured by West African coastal tribes and sold to European slave merchants	73
5170021462	Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by	extended families of wealthy planters	74
5170021463	Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South...	a professional class of lawyers and financiers was slow to develop	75
5170021464	The average colonial New England woman who did not die in childbirth could expect to	experience about ten pregnancies, occurring on average every two years from her twenties through menopause	76
5170021465	In New England, elementary education	was mandatory for any town with more than 50 families	77
5170021466	The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to	the development of basic ideas of democracy as expressed in the New England town meeting	78
5170021467	In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists in the South, those in New England	enjoyed longer lives and more stable families	79
5170021468	The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of the	town	80
5170021469	The Half-Way Covenant provided	baptism, but not full communion, to people who had not had a conversion experience	81
5170021470	Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally	from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy	82
5170021471	English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by	their extensive introduction of livestock	83
5170021472	Proprietors	"sober-minded town fathers"	84