AP World History- Stearns Chapter 2 (3) Flashcards

7596853808	Xian	Along with Loyang, capital of the Zhou dynasty	0
7596853809	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE	1
7596853810	Ideographic writing	Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	2
7596853811	Scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China	3
7596853812	Shi	Probably originally priests; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty	4
7596853813	Nuclear families	Consisted of husband and wife, their children, and perhaps a grandmother or orphaned cousin; typical of Chinese peasantry	5
7596853814	Oracles	Shamans or priest in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	6
7596853815	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 BCE; ruled for the next 400 years	7
7596853816	Shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bend	8
7596853817	Eunuchs	Castrated males used within the households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard the emperor's concubine; became political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during later Han	9
7596853818	Laozi	AKA Lao Tsu; major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao	10
7596853819	Patrilineal	Family descent and inheritance traced through the male line	11
7596853820	Qin dynasty	Established in 221 BCE at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 BCE	12
7596853821	Feudalism	The social organization crated by exchanging grants of land of fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typically of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service	13
7596853822	Secret societies	Chinese peasant organizations; provided financial support in hard times and physical protection in case of disputes with local aristocracy	14
7596853823	Wu	First of the Zhou to be recognized as king, 1122 BCE	15
7596853824	Ordos bulge	Located on Huanghe River; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures	16
7596853825	Loess	Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos region in China bent by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agriculture communities	17
7596853826	Sunzi	A 4th century BCE advisor to Chinese monarch, who wrote the treatise The Art of War	18
7596853827	Mandate of Heaven	The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang	19
7596853828	Wang Mang	Member of one of the powerful families related to the Han emperors through marriage; temporarily overthrew the Han between 9 and 23 CE	20
7596853829	Yu	A possible mythical Chinese ruler revered for the construction of an effective system of flood control along the Huanghe River valley; founder of the Xia kingdom	21
7596853830	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi	22
7596853831	Hsiung-nu	AKA the Huns; horse nomads responsible for the disruption of Chinese, Gupta, and Roman civilizations	23
7596853832	Daoism	Philosophy associated with Laozi; stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force	24
7596853833	Mencius	AKA Meng Ko; follower of Confucius; stressed consent of the common people	25
7596853834	Extended families	Consisted of several generations, including the family patriarch's sons and grandsons with their wives and children; typical of Shang China elites	26
7596853835	Zhou	Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty	27
7596853836	Vassal retainers	Members of former ruling families granted control over the peasant and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited wealth of their territories	28
7596853837	Forbidden city	Imperial precinct within the capital cities of China; only imperial family, advisors, and household were permitted to enter	29
7596853838	Confucius	AKA Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; born in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	30
7596853839	Loyang	Along with Xian, capital of the Zhou dynasty	31
7596853840	Liu Bang	Founder of the Han dynasty in 202 BCE	32
7596853841	Xia	China's first, possibly mythical, kingdom; no archeological sites have been connected to it; ruled by Yu	33
7596853842	Tian	Heaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religion; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty	34
7596853843	Yellow River	AKA the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China	35