AP World History: Chapter 12- East Asia Flashcards

8923411413	dynastic cycle	the theory that Chinese dynasties go through a predictable cycle, from early vigor and growth to subsequent decline as administrators become lax and the well-off find ways to avoid paying taxes, cutting state revenues	0
8923428712	China	the largest country of the world at the time; it's population probably exceeded all of Europe; this country was the world's first to produce government-issued paper money	1
8923436981	paper money	legal currency issued on paper; developed as a convenient alternative to metal coins	2
8923458551	compass	a tool developed in Song times to aid in navigation at sea; consisted of a magnetic needle that would point north in a small protective case	3
8923487668	Song and Liao	the two long lasting states from the fragmented Tang China; the first controlled almost all of China proper south of the Great Wall; the second was ruled by the house of Khitan and held the territory of modern Beijing and areas north; the first was more populated, but the latter was the militarily stronger	4
8923511944	Taizu	the founder of the Song Dynasty; placed armies under central government control; retired or rotated his own generals and assigned civil officials to supervise them; in time civil bureaucrats came to dominate every aspect of Song government and society	5
8923626993	bribery	essentially how the Song defended against the Khitans; they made huge payments of silk and gold to the Khitans in exchange for them not to take them over	6
8923658678	Jurchens	the state that conquered the Khitans and a third of the Song territory	7
8923662099	Hangzhou	the place where the Song court was reestablished by a prince	8
8923674949	examination system	a system of selecting officials based on competitive written examinations; aristocratic habits and prejudices largely disappeared after this system was fully developed	9
8923722538	movable type	a system of printing in which one piece of type was used for each unique character; never used widely in China because whole-block printing was cheaper	10
8923762277	Ouyang Xiu	a busy official, who wrote love songs, histories and the first analytical catalogue of rubbings of ancient stone and bronze inscriptions	11
8923776989	Sima Guang	served as prim minister; wrote a narrative history of China from the Warring States Period to the founding of the Song Dynasty	12
8923792024	Su Shi	wrote more than 27 hundred poems and 800 letters while active in opposition politics; and esteemed painter, calligrapher, and a theorist of the arts	13
8923804225	Su Song	a high official; constructed an 80 foot tall mechanical clock; adapted the water-powered clock invented in the Tang period by adding a chain-driven mechanism	14
8923820789	Wang Anshi	the chancellor in 1069 who proposed a series of sweeping reforms designed to raise revenues and help small farmers	15
8923844039	Neo-Confucianism	the revival of Confucian thinking that began in the eleventh century; supported by Zhu Xi	16
8923892177	concubine	a women contracted to a man as a secondary spouse; although subordinate to the wife, her sons were considered legitimate heirs	17
8923899564	foor binding	the practice of binding the feet of girls with long strips of cloth to keep them from growing large	18
8923915499	Fujiwara	the family who took over political management, who supplied most of the empresses of the period; their dominance represented the privatization of political power and a reversion to clan politics; for the next thousand years, Japan's political contenders sought to manipulate the emperors rather than control them	19
8923940343	cloistered government	a system in which an emperor retired to aBuddhist monastery, but continued to exercise power by controlling his young son on the throne	20
8923961059	The Tale of Genji	a Japanese literary masterpiece written by Lady Murasaki about court life	21
8923969863	Esoteric Buddhism	a sect of Buddhism that maintains that the secrets of enlightenment have been secretly transmitted from the Buddha and can be accessed through initiation in to the mandalas, mudras, and mantras	22
8923987319	Kiyomori	a Taira (warrior clan) who dominated the court, taking the position of prime minister and marrying his daughter to the emperor; his relatives became governors of more than 30 provinces, managed some 500 tax-exempt estates, and amassed a fortune in the trade with Song China and Koryo Korea	23
8924024760	Minamoto	the clan that managed to defeat the Kiyomori; the leader, Yorimoto became shogun (general-in-chief); this began the Kamakura Shogunate; often referred to as Japan's feudal period because it was dominated by a military class whose members were tied to their superiors by bonds of loyalty and supported by landed estates rather than salaries	24
8924083493	Bushido	literally the "Way of the Warrior"; the code of conduct by which samurai were expected to live	25
8924089710	military land stewards	officials placed in charge of overseeing estates	26
8924097055	military governors	officials appointed to enforce the law in the provinces and oversee samurai there	27
8924108460	seppuku	the ritual suicide of slashing the samurai's belly when he was disloyal	28
8924115475	Zen	a school of Buddhism that emphasized meditation and truths that could not be conveyed in words	29
8924131694	The Tale of the Heike	written by a courtier in the early thirteenth century, tells the story of the fall of the Taira family and the rise of the Minamoto clan; reached a large audience because blind minstrels would chant section of the tale to the accompaniment of the lute	30