AP World History: Islam Flashcards

5903500906	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	0
5903500908	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam	1
5903500909	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750	2
5903500912	Medina	Also known as Yahtrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)	3
5903500913	Allah	The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith	4
5903500916	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632	5
5903500917	Khadijah(555-619)	First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader	6
5903500918	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	7
5903500919	Ali(c.599-661)	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	8
5903500922	Five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, giving to the prayer, and hajj.	9
5903500923	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	10
5903500924	Hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba	11
5903500926	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	12
5903500927	Abu Bakr	The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community	13
5903500929	Jihads	Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding	14
5903500934	Mu'awiya(602-680)	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	15
5903500935	Sunnis	Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads	16
5903500936	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	17
5903500938	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	18
5903500943	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	19
5903500946	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	20
5903500949	In what ways was the Islamic religion a faith that elevated the status and opportunities of women, and what were the constrains on this process? Was this true in all places to which Islam spread?	Women gained more power such as property ownership. But this was not the case in places such as Africa and Southeast Asia	21
5903500955	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	22
5903500957	Ibn Khaldun(1332-1406)	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute	23
5903500960	Ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	24
5903500989	Ibn Sina	Wrote the medical encyclopedia that was the basic medical textbook for the middle ages.	25
5903500994	Shariah	Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance	26
5915263256	Ibn Rushd	Wrote the commentary of virtually all of Aristotle's works.	27
5915267949	Omar Khayyam	Wrote the Rubayat, which is one of the most familiar books of Middle	28
5915297637	Cordoba	major Islamic city in the middle ages and known for the mosque.	29
5915305964	Gabriel	considered an archangel whom God is believed to have sent with revelation to various prophets, including Muhammad	30
5915411563	Eastern Literature	Transcript of Ancient Middle Eastern Literature. Ancient Middle Eastern Literature What you need to know about. the Middle East... Best known for where civilization started.	31
5915416646	Genghis Khan	was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire	32
5915432196	Hussein	son of Ali	33
5915442885	Abbadis Dynasty	third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad	34
5915452153	Fatimids	a member of a dynasty that ruled in parts of northern Africa, Egypt, and Syria	35
5915456179	Alhambra	the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra, is a palace and fortress complex	36
5915469004	Astrolabe	very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky	37
5915473423	Sultan	a Muslim sovereign	38
5915477910	Rubaiyat	A traditional Persian verse form consisting of a collection of quatrains	39
5915492713	Hijrah	migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina	40
5915496994	Vizier	a high official in some Muslim countries	41
5915500121	Minaret	a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony	42
5915502670	Muezzin	a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque.	43
5915518052	Islam's contribution to Algebra	They perfected it after it was created by the Babylonians	44