AP World History: Worlds of Islam Flashcards

7883537497	Bedouins	Nomadic Arabs	0
7883541300	Mecca	Important trade city of Arabia.	1
7883551124	The Kaaba	The most prominent religious shrine in Mecca.	2
7883565892	The Quraysh	The local tribe that controlled local trade and pilgrimage in Mecca.	3
7883610290	Muhammad	The prophet of Islam and "the seal of the prophets". He was orphaned at a young age, became a prosperous merchant, and took to withdraw and meditation. - From Mecca	4
7883640814	The Quran	Where Muhammad's revelations were recorded. When heard in its original Arabic, it is believed to convey the presence of the divine.	5
7883659795	Islam	- Monotheistic - Muhammad as "the seal of the prophets" - Return to old, pure religion of Abraham - Submission of Allah - Need to create a new society of social justice, equality, and care for others	6
7883688645	Umma	A society for Muslims that promotes social justice, equality, and caring for others.	7
7883700958	Five Pillars of Islam	- There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God - Prayer five times a day - Generous giving to help the community and the needy - Fasting during the month of Ramadan - Pilgrimage to Mecca once a year	8
7883729649	Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca	9
7883738182	Jihad	(Struggle): The "sixth pillar"	10
7883749069	Greater Jihad	Personal spiritual striving	11
7883755641	Lesser Jihad	Armed struggle against unbelief and evil	12
7883761576	Hijra	Muhammad's emigration to Yathrib/Medina.	13
7883777351	Rapid Expansion of Islam Throughout Arabia	- Military successes led to alliances - Large-scale conversion - Consolidation of Islamic control throughout Arabia by the time of Muhammad's death	14
7883794635	Differences between Islam and Christianity	- Islam did not grow up as a persecuted minority religion - Islam didn't separate the church and the state	15
7887042409	War and Conquest of Arabic Empire	- Arabic conquests were a continuation of long-term raiding patterns - new level of political organization allowed greater mobilization - Byzantine and Persian Empire were weaken by long wars and internal revolts - Defeated the Sassanid Empire (Persian) and took half of the Byzantine Empire - Conquered most of Spain	16
7887094744	The Battle of Talas River	Arab forces defeat the Chinese Army. Allowed for Islam to diffuse into Central Asia.	17
7887106212	Reasons for Arabic Expansion	- Economic: Capture trade routes and agricultural regions - Individual Arabs sought wealth and social promotion - Communal: Conquest helped hold the umma together - Religious: Bring the true government (Islamic) to the conquered	18
7887124126	Conversion to Islam	- Conversion for many was "social conversion", not deep spiritual change - Islam's kinship to other monotheistic religions - Islam was associated from the beginning with a powerful state-suggested that Allah was a good god to have on your side	19
7887147949	Incentives for Conversion	- Converts didn't have to pay tax - Islam favored commerce - Social climbers were helped by conversion	20
7887168362	Rightly Guided Caliphs	First four caliphs that were companions of Muhammad - Uthman and Ali were both assassinated	21
7887177391	Sunnis	- Believed that caliphs were rightful political and military leaders, chosen by the Islamic community - Religious authority derives from the larger community	22
7887184483	Shias	- Believed that leaders should be blood relatives of Muhammad, descended from Ali and his son - Imams have religious authority	23
7887216816	Umayyad Dynasty	A dynasty that expanded the Arabic Empire. Damascus - capital Family of caliphs that ruled the empire.	24
7887226468	Abbasid Dynasty	The dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads. Ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic State. Baghdad = capital	25
7887232389	Sharia	Islamic law	26
7887232391	Sufis	Reacted against the distraction of worldly success against other Muslims.	27
7887246946	Women in Islam	- Spiritual level: Quran stated explicitly that women and men were equals - Social level: Quran viewed women as subordinate, especially in marriage - Growing restrictions on women as the Arabic Empire expanded under Abbasid rule	28
7887271543	Hadiths	Traditions about Muhammad - Developed more negative views of women	29
7887285001	Sultanate of Delhi	Turkish-controlled Muslim government in India.	30
7887296843	Differences between Islam and Hinduism	- Monotheism vs. Polytheism - Equality of believers vs. caste system - Sexual modesty vs. open eroticism	31
7887305902	Sikhism	Syncretic religion with both elements of Islam and Hinduism.	32
7887314627	Invasion of Anatolia (Turkey)	- By 1500, 90% of the population was Muslim, and most spoke Turkish - Much deeper destruction of Byzantine society in Anatolia - Turkish rulers of Anatolia welcomed converts - Sufis replaced Christian institutions in Anatolia	33
7887335159	The Ottoman Empire	The most powerful Islamic state after 1500.	34
7887343080	Spread of Islam to West Africa	- Islam came peacefully with traders, not by conquests - Islam spread mostly in urban centers - Islam provided links to Muslim trading centers	35
7887355011	Timbuktu	The city in West Africa that had over 150 Quranic schools and several centers of higher education.	36
7887367477	al-Andalus	The Muslim name for Spain.	37
7887373813	Invasion of Spain	- Arab and Berber forces conquered most of Spain. - Islam did not overwhelm Christianity there. - High degree of interaction between Muslims, Christians, and Jews - Christians adopted Arabic culture but not religion	38
7887401096	Madrassas	Formal colleges that taught religion, law, and sometimes secular subjects in the Arabic Empire.	39
7887418389	House of Wisdom	A research center in Baghdad that translated texts into Arabic.	40
7887558490	Mura Mansa	- Considered the wealthiest person in the world. - Lived in West Africa - Participated in a famous hajj to Mecca	41
7887576532	Muslims	Ones who submit to Muhammad and Allah.	42
7887606327	The Battle of Tours	The key battle that marked the end of Islamic expansion into Western Europe.	43
7887618261	Ali	Muhammad's cousin that was killed by the Sunnis.	44
7895439066	Ulamas	Islamic religious scholars	45
7895454503	Abu Bakr	The first Rightly Guided Caliphs Supported by the Sharias	46