AP WORLD: Chapter 2 Flashcards

7199511886	Tigris and Euphrates	in Southwest Asia, flow from modern-day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.	0
7199511887	Mesopotamia	The area between the Tigris and Euphrates (comes from Greek word meaning "between rivers"	1
7199512276	Fertile Crescent	overlaps with Mesopotamia but also includes an area to the west, along the Mediterranean coast; contains moist and fertile land	2
7199512277	Carthage	a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa; became a significant outpost in the region	3
7199512278	Sahara	a desert in Northern Africa	4
7199512793	Kalahari	a desert in Southern Africa	5
7199512794	Nile River	begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Mediterranean Sea	6
7199512795	Desertification	the creation of desert-like conditions	7
7199513214	Indus River Valley	civilizations of this area developed near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region	8
7199513649	Environmental Degradation	Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution; probably caused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations	9
7199513650	Deforestation	clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use; made the power and influence of the Kush weaken	10
7199514039	Huang He		11
7199514040	Chiang Jiang		12
7199514427	Loess		13
7199514428	Mesoamerica		14
7199514429	Maize		15
7199514854	Oceania		16
7199514855	Polynesia		17
7199515775	Polytheistic	people who worship many gods (like in Sumer)	18
7199515776	Ziggurats	temples and altars in large stepped pyramids that were built by the Sumerians; place of government and religious activities	19
7199515777	Astronomy	the study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere	20
7199516277	Astrology	predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets	21
7199516278	Hebrews	lived in region of Canaan (present day Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon)	22
7199517028	Israelites	formerly known as Hebrews, now known as Jews	23
7199517029	Jews	formerly known as Hebrews and Israelites	24
7199517529	Abraham	Canaan was founded by this man who left Mesopotamia to settle there in approximately 2000 BC; Jews, Christians, and Muslims all trace their religious heritage to him	25
7199517530	Moses	the Hebrews were led out of Egypt by him; split the Red Sea	26
7199517531	10 Commandments	a code of conduct that became very influential in areas dominated by Christianity	27
7199517936	Monotheism	a belief in only one deity	28
7199517937	Jewish Diaspora	the spreading of Jews throughout the Mediterranean world and Middle East	29
7199517938	Aten	an Egyptian sun god	30
7199518281	Mummification	process involving the removal of the body's organs, drying the body with salt, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth, and then the body was put in a sealed coffin	31
7199518282	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples originally from Central Asia; traveled from Persia through the Hindu Kush Mountains over a period of several centuries beginning in 1500 BC	32
7199518742	Hindi	the Aryans developed a writing but system; while most literary and religious works were recorded in this language, they also had a commonly used tongue which would evolve into Hindi	33
7199518743	Vedas	Sanskrit for "knowledge"; collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	34
7199519072	Brahmin	proper priestly behavior outlined by the Rig-Veda	35
7199519073	Vedic Age	800-400 BC; marked by the Aryans' growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs	36
7199519582	Brahma		37
7199519583	Dharma	in order to escape the seemingly endless cycle of birth and rebirth, one must perform righteous duties and deeds, known as ones this; determines ones karma in the next life	38
7199519584	Karma		39
7199520113	Moksha		40
7199520114	Ancestor Veneration		41
7199520115	Sumerians	A group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia sometime before 5000 BC; settled alongside people already living there	42
7199520609	Sumer	nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia before 5000 BC created this civilization	43
7199520610	Uruk	The largest city in Sumer by 2700 BC with a population of 50000	44
7199520611	City-states	a city and the land it controls (typically covered several hundred square miles); began in Sumer	45
7199521069	King	rules over a territory known as a kingdom	46
7199521070	Kingdoms	a territory that is under the authority of a king	47
7199521071	Babylonians	1900 BC; Persian people from what is now Iran invaded and took control of Mesopotamia. The invaders built a new capital city called Babylon	48
7199521429	Empire	a territory that contains a diversity of cultures	49
7199521430	Phoenicians	people who occupied parts of present-day Middle East around 3000 BC; developed a wide trade network across the Mediterranean Sea	50
7199521431	Old Kingdom	2660-2160 BC; Egypt began developing a strong central government; king or queen known as Pharaoh	51
7199521886	Middle Kingdom	2040-1786 BC; Mentuhotep II took power; moved capital to Thebes, reunited Egypt under a central government, reducing the power of the provincial governors and eventually gaining control over all of Egypt	52
7199521887	New Kingdom	1570-1070 BC; Egypt had a new powerful army, pharaohs expanded southward into Nubia and north into Mesopotamia, through negotiation and conquest, Egypt gained access to highly prized resources such as bronze and wood	53
7199522444	Hyksos	these people of nomadic pastoralists invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and ended that time era of Egypt	54
7199522445	Hittites	invader of Egypt; had a military advantage over Egypt because of their use of iron tools and weapons	55
7199522446	Kush	reemerged kingdom of Nubia around 2500 BC	56
7199523068	Axum	in 340 AD Kush was conquered by this civilization; had an agricultural economy	57
7199523069	Dravidians	indigenous peoples of the India subcontinent; established two sophisticated urban centers in the Indus River Valley: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	58
7199523070	Harappa	one of the two established sophisticated centers in the Indus River Valley	59
7199523947	Mohenjo-Daro	one of the two established sophisticated centers in the Indus River Valley	60
7199525466	Chavin Civilization		61
7199525467	Olmec		62
7199525468	Easter Island		63
7199525996	Aboriginals		64
7199525997	Division of Labor	the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency	65
7199525998	Barter	a system by which one thing is exchanged for another	66
7199526017	Hammurabi	Babylonians' most powerful king; conquered all of Mesopotamia and ruled for more than 40 years (until about 1750 BC); abolished local governments and appointed officials who were responsible only to him	67
7199526427	Code of Hammurabi	282 laws carved in stone monuments; made by Babylonians' most powerful king; one of the first instances of laws being put into writing for everyone to see	68
7199526428	King Menes	united Upper and Lower Egypt, which created a turning point in Egyptian history; established his capital at the city of Memphis	69
7199526429	Pharaoh	a king or queen in the Old Kingdom times of Egypt	70
7199526813	Theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	71
7199527386	Akhenaton	Pharaoh of Egypt around 1350 BC; tried to change Egypt's religion; he called for the worship of one god, a sun god called Aten; such a change would create a dramatic change in the role of the priests	72
7199527800	Ramses the Great	Powerful Pharaoh who took the throne around 1290 BC; expanded the empire into Southwest Asia; built more temples and statues than any other pharaoh	73
7199527801	Xia Dynasty		74
7199527802	Dynasty		75
7199528664	Shang Dynasty		76
7199528665	Mandate of Heaven		77
7199529186	Zhuo Dynasty		78
7199529187	Patriarchal	society dominated by men	79
7199529499	Feudalism		80
7199544844	Jared Diamond		81
7199639612	Cuneiform	world's first writing system; consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets	82