AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

10133754408	May fourth movement	a 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence	0
10133754409	Tehran conference	a 1943 meeting of leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union; it agreed on the opening of a second front in France	1
10133754410	Potsdam conference	a 1945 meeting of the leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union in which it was agreed that the Soviet Union would be given control of eastern Europe and that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation	2
10133754411	Geneva Conference	a 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventh parallel	3
10133754412	Helsinki accords	a 1975 political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by Western European countries and the Soviet Union	4
10133754413	cultural revolution	a Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers.	5
10133754414	European Economic Community	A Common Market organized in 1958 which reduced tariffs among member nations and created a common tariff policy for other world nations	6
10133754415	Spanish civil war	a conflict from 1936-1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces	7
10133754416	Kabuki theater	a form of Japanese theater developed in the 17th century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting	8
10133754417	Coalition	a government based on temporary alliances of several political parties	9
10133754418	Yalta conference	a meeting of the leaders of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States in 1945; the Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan in exchange for influence in the Eastern European states. The Yalta Conference also made plans for the establishment of a new international organization.	10
10133754419	Iron curtain	a metaphorical description of the divide between the Communist East and Democratic Western Europe	11
10133754420	Welfare state	a nation in which the government plays an active role in providing services such as social security to its citizens	12
10133754421	British commonwealth	A political community consisting of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations; currently called the Commonwelath of Nations	13
10133754422	Fascism	a political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights	14
10133754423	Alliance for progress	a program of economic aid for Latin America in exchange for pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S. President Kennedy's international program	15
10133754424	Pan-Slavic movement	A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia.	16
10133754425	Cubism	a school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms.	17
10133754426	Al-Qaeda	a terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late 20th and early 21st centuries	18
10133754427	Ayatollah	a traditional Muslim religious ruler	19
10133754428	Russification	a tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and provided education only for those groups loyal to Russia	20
10133754429	Mandate	a type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after WWI	21
10133754430	Marshall plan	a U.S. plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after WWII	22
10133754431	international space station	a vehicle sponsored by 16 nations that circles the earth while carrying out experiments	23
10133754432	Berlin wall	a wall, built by the East German Communist government, to separate the Democratic Western Berlin	24
10133754433	world bank	an agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development	25
10133754434	import substitution industrialization	an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports	26
10133754435	World Trad Organization	an international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade	27
10133754436	International Monetary fund	an international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade	28
10133754437	European Union	an organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community.	29
10133754438	North American Free Trade Organization	an organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada (NAFTA)	30
10133754439	Guomindang	China's Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925, the party was taken over by Jiang Jieshi, who made it into a more authoritarian party.	31
10133754440	containment	Cold War policy of the United States whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism	32
10133754441	government of India Act	the British law passed in 1935 which increased suffrage and turned provincial governments over to Indian leaders	33
10133754442	central powers	in WWI, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and other nations who fought with them against the Allies	34
10133754443	Allied powers	in WWI, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in WWII, the group of nations including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, that fought against the Axis Powers	35
10133754444	League of nations	international organization founded after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations	36
10133754445	service industries	occupations that provided a service rather than a manufactured or agricultural product	37
10133754446	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries	Organization formed in 1950 by oil-producing countries to regulate oil supplies and prices (OPEC)	38
10133754447	evangelical	pertaining to preaching the Gospel (the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians.	39
10133754448	five year plans	plans for industrial production first introduced in the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930s	40
10133754449	Appeasement	policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions in Hitler in the 1930s	41
10133754450	Kulaks	Russian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin's New Economic Policy	42
10133754451	Afrikaners	South Africans who were descended from the Dutch who settled in south Africa in the 17th century	43
10133754452	Hubble space telescope	Telescope able to peer deep into space	44
10133754453	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	the 1918 treaty ending WWI between Germany and the Soviet Union	45
10133754454	Treaty of Versailles	the 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied nations; it blamed the war on Germany and assessed heavy reparations and large territorial losses on the part of Germany	46
10133754455	Glasnost	the 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union	47
10133754456	Persian gulf war	the 1991 war between Iraq and a U.S. led coalition to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion	48
10133754457	Deoxyribonucleic acid	the blueprint of heredity	49
10133754458	No theater	the classical Japanese drama with music and dances performed on a simple stage by elaborately dressed actors	50
10133754459	Brinkmanship	the Cold War policy of the Soviet Union and the United States of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on the part of either power	51
10133754460	Collectivization	the combination of several small farms into a large government controlled farm	52
10133754461	Great leap forward	the diasastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small scale industrial projects on individual peasant communities	53
10133754462	Sputnik	the first man-made satellite, launched by the Soviet Union	54
10133754463	Anschluss	the German annexation of Austria prior to WWII	55
10133754464	United Nations	the international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation among nations	56
10133754465	Holocaust	the Nazi program during WWII that killed 6 million Jews and other groups considered undesirable	57
10133754466	Reparations	the payment of war debts by the losing side	58
10133754467	Great depression	the severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and continued into the 1930s throughout many regions of the world	59
10133754468	Apartheid	the South African policy of separation of the races	60
10133754469	McDonaldization	the spread of American culture and values around the world	61
10133754470	Euro	the standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002	62
10133754471	Genocide	the systematic killing of an entire ethnic group	63
10133754472	Cold war	the tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II	64
10133754473	Mass consumerism	trade in products designed to appeal to a global market	65
10133754474	National Organization For Women	U.S. organization founded in 1969 to campaign for women's rights	66
10133754475	New Deal	U.S. President Roosevelt's program to relieve the economic problems of the Great Depression; it increased government involvement in the society of the United States	67
10133754476	Cartels	Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods	68
10133754477	Korean Conflict	Wars between Communist North Korea, aided by China, and Capitalist South Korea, aided by the United States	69
10133754478	Cuban missile crisis	When in 1962, the Soviets constructed nuclear missiles in Cuba which brought days of tense confrontation between Khrushchev and the U.S. President Kennedy. Khrushchev ultimately backed down, and the missiles were removed.	70
10133754479	Declaration of Independence	a document modeled after the political philosophies of John Locke. It altered the natural rights identified by John Locke to include "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."	71
10133754480	self-strengthening movement	a late nineteenth-century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged western investment in factories and railways	72
10133754481	Romanticism	a literary and artistic movement in nineteenth-century Europe; emphasized emotion over reason	73
10133754482	Queu	a long ponytail that Chinese men were forced to wear in order to distinguish them from Manchus	74
10133754483	Domestic System	a manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a private setting	75
10133754484	Maoris	a member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800CE.	76
10133754485	Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	a statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution	77
10133754486	Declaration of the Rights of the Women and the Female	a statement of the rights of women written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.	78
10133754487	communism	an economic system in which the state controls the means of production	79
10133754488	liberalism	an Enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative government	80
10133754489	Guano	bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century	81
10133754490	Suez Canal	canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez in 1869	82
10133754491	Napoleonic Code	collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte	83
10133754492	Spanish-American War	conflict between the United States and Spain that began the rise of the United States as a world power. Spanish Civil War: a conflict from 1936 - 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as a ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces (1898).	84
10133754493	Economic Imperialism	control of a country's economy by the business of another nation	85
10133754494	Revolutions of 1848	democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, that swept through Europe	86
10133754495	Spheres of Influence	divisions of a country in which a particular foreign nation enjoys economic privileges	87
10133754496	Jacobins	extreme radicals during the French Revolution	88
10133754497	Theory of Relativity	idea which argued that time and space are relative to one another	89
10133754498	Theory of Natural Selection	idea, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that species survive due to favorable characteristics	90
10133754499	bourgeousie	In France, the class of merchants and artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners	91
10133754500	proletarian	in Marxist theory, the class of workers in an industrial society	92
10133754501	conservatism	in nineteenth-century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches	93
10133754502	factors of production	Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship, which existed in Britain which allowed it to lead in the Industrial Revolution	94
10133754503	zaibatsu	large industrial organization created in Japan during the industrialization of the late nineteenth century	95
10133754504	conscription	military draft	96
10133754505	Tanzimet Reforms	nineteenth century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make government and military more efficient	97
10133754506	Monroe Doctrine	policy issued by the United States in which it declared that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to colonization by other powers	98
10133754507	Indian National Congress	political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement	99
10133754508	Congress of Vienna	restored legitimate monarchs to the thrones of Europe and to create a balance of power	100
10133754509	Boxer Rebellion	revolt against foreign residents of China	101
10133754510	Sepoy Rebellion	revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths (1857)	102
10133754511	natural rights	rights that belong to every person and that no government may take away	103
10133754512	Great Trek	slaveholding Boers, who in 1834, left the Cape Colony and moved to the interior of Africa	104
10133754513	Young Turks	society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and reform the empire	105
10133754514	Boers	South Africans of Dutch descent	106
10133754515	Sepoys	South Asian soldiers who served in the British army in India	107
10133754516	Revolution of 1905	strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food and by Russia's loss to Japan in 1905	108
10133754517	entrepreneurship	the ability to combine the factors of land, labor and capital to create factory production	109
10133754518	Social Darwinism	the application of Darwin's philosophy of natural selection to human society	110
10133754519	Separation of Powers	the division of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government	111
10133754520	estates	the divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France	112
10133754521	imperialism	the establishment of colonial empires	113
10133754522	enclosure movement	the fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution	114
10133754523	Bill of Rights	the first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States	115
10133754524	Qing Dynasty	The Manchurian invaders who ruled China from 1644 to the early 1900s	116
10133754525	Berlin Conference	the meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them	117
10133754526	Capital	the money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization	118
10133754527	Feminism	the movement to achieve women's rights	119
10133754528	Reign of Terror	the period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution	120
10133754529	Manifest Destiny	the policy in the US that led to its expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific	121
10133754530	Meiji Restoration	the restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate.	122
10133754531	extraterritoriality	the right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country	123
10133754532	duma	the Russian parliament	124
10133754533	Raj	the Sanskrit name for the British government in India	125
10133754534	Gran Columbia	the temporary union of the northern portion of South America after the independence movements led by Simon Bolivar	126
10133754535	Estates-General	the traditional legislative body of France	127
10133754536	Industrial Revolution	the transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting	128
10133754537	Treaty of Nanking	treaty ending the Opium War that ceded Hong Kong to the British (1842)	129
10133754538	pogroms	violence against Jews in tsarist Russia	130
10133754539	Opium War	war between Great Britain and China began with the Qing dynasty's refusal to allow continued opium importation into China; British victory resulted in the Treaty of Nanking (1839-1842)	131
10133754540	Sino-Japanese War	war between Japan and China, in 1895, over control over Korea	132
10133754541	Russo-Japanese War	war between Russia and Japan over Manchurian territory; resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese Navy	133
10133754542	Boer War	war between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory. (1899 - 1902)	134
10133754543	radicalism	Western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes	135
10133754544	Enlightenment	intellectual movement that applied methods of the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society (17th century)	136
10133754545	Enclosure Movement	GB: rich landowners enclosed the land and got Parliament to give them title to the commons that had previously been open to everyone to use	137
10133754546	entrepreneurs	new group in late 18th century. money came from manufacturing.	138
10133754547	laissez-faire economics	European economic policy of the 16th - 18th centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies	139
10133754548	indulgence	a document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins	140
10133754549	scientific revolution	European intellectual movement in the 17th century that established the basis for modern science	141
10133754550	parliamentary monarchy	a govt with a king/queen whose power is limited by the power of parliament	142
10133754551	factor	an agent with trade privileges in early Russia	143
10133754552	taj mahal	white marble mausoleum built in Agra, India, by the mogul emperor shah Japan for his favorite wife	144
10133754553	mercantilism	economic concept that holds that the govt shouldn't interfere with or regulate business and industries	145
10133754554	creoles	a term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents	146
10133754555	northwest passage	passage through the North America continent that was sought early by explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east	147
10133754556	enlightenment	a philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve human society	148
10133754557	viceroyalty	a political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies	149
10133754558	encomienda	a practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of native Americans on that land to European colonists	150
10133754559	devshirme	practice of the Ottoman Empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as janissaries	151
10133754560	caravel	small, easily steerable ship used by the Spanish and Portuguese in their explorations	152
10133754561	protestant reformation	religious movement began by matin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; resulted from the formation of new Christian denominations	153
10133754562	capitalism	an economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit making	154
10133754563	northern renaissance	extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of Northern Europe; the northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance	155
10133754564	philosophies	French enlightenment social thinkers	156
10133754565	mulatto	in Spanish and Portuguese colonies a person of mixed African and European descent	157
10133754566	divine right	the belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by god	158
10133754567	treaty of tordesillas	the 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and portugal	159
10133754568	sovereignty	self rule	160
10133754569	cossacks	Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries	161
10133754570	boyars	Russian nobility	162
10133754571	mughal dynasty	rulers who controlled most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries	163
10133754572	absolute monarchy	rule by a king/queen who's power is not limited	164
10133754573	natural laws	principles that govern nature	165
10133754574	manchus	people from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty	166
10133754575	Jesuits	members of the society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignacio's of Loyola in 1534	167
10133754576	janissaries	members of the ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian lands	168
10133754577	qing dynasty	manchurian rule of China beginning in 1644 and lasting until 1914	169
10133754578	peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in europe	170
10133754579	mestizos	in the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and native descent	171
10133754580	repartamiento	in the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages	172
10133754581	ninety-five these	work by Martin Luther where he laid out his arguments against the Roman Catholic church	173
10133754582	dutch learning	western learning embraced by some Japanese in the 18th century	174
10133754583	estates-general	the traditional legislative body of france	175
10133754584	catholic reformation	religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic church that occurred in response to the Protestant reformation. it reaffirmed catholic beliefs and promoted education.	176
10133754585	reconqista	the recapture of Muslim held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492	177
10133754586	excommunication	practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices	178
10133754587	middle passage	the portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of africans from Africa to the americas	179
10133754588	purdah	the Hindu custom of secluding women	180
10133754589	tokugawa shogunate	the feudal rulers of japan who moved the capital to edo. ruled from 1603 -1868	181
10133754590	commercial revolution	the expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the 16th and 17th century	182
10133754591	colombian exchange	exchange of foods, crops, disease and livestock between eastern and western hemispheres after the voyages of columbus	183
10133754592	triangular trade	the 18th century trade network between Europe, Africa and the Americas	184
10133754593	heliocentric revolution	the concept that the sun is in the center	185
10133754594	deism	the concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the God was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws	186
10133754595	hagia Sophia	the church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the ottoman conquest	187
10133754596	glorious revolution	the bloodless overthrow of English king James and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne	188
10133754597	predestination	the belief of protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell	189