AP World History: Time Period 4 Flashcards

6804929416	Indulgence	A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins	0
6804929417	Mercantilism	A European economic policy of the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available, and that each country must adopt policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies	1
6804929418	Scientific Revolution	A European intellectual movement in the seventeenth century that established the basis for modern science	2
6804929419	Parliamentary Monarchy	A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of parliament	3
6804929420	Northwest Passage	A passage through the North America continent that was sought early by explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east	4
6804929421	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve human society. Emphasis on human accomplishment.	5
6804929422	Viceroy System	King appoints person to rule in far lands or colony as a representive	6
6804929423	Encomienda	A practice in the spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European colonists	7
6804929424	Devshirme	A practice of the Ottoman empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries	8
6804929425	Protestant Reformation	A religious movement began by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations	9
6804929426	Caravel	A small, easy steerable ship used by the Spanish and Portuguese in their explorations	10
6804929427	Empirical Research	A way of gaining knowledge by means of direct observation or experience	11
6804929428	Factor	An agent with trade privileges in Early Russia	12
6804929429	Laissez-Faire economics	An economic concept that holds that the government shouldn't interfere with or regulate business and industries	13
6804929430	Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making=	14
6804929431	Northern Renaissance	An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of Northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance	15
6804929432	Philosophes	French Enlightenment social thinkers	16
6804929433	Mulato	In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, a person of mixed african and European descent	17
6804929434	Repartamiento	In the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages	18
6804929435	Mestizos	In the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and native descent	19
6804929436	Peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe	20
6804929437	Janissaries	Members of the Ottoman army, who were slaves, who were taken from Christian lands	21
6804929438	Jesuits	Members of the society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary	22
6804929439	Manchus	People from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing Dynasty	23
6804929440	Natural Laws	Principles that govern nature	24
6804929441	Absolute Monarchy	Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution	25
6804929442	Mughal Dynasty	Rulers who controlled most of India in the 16th century and 17th century	26
6804929443	Cossacks	Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the 16th-17th century	27
6804929444	Sovereignty	Self-rule	28
6804929445	Treaty or Tordesillas	The 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexpected territories between Spain and Portugal	29
6804929446	Divine Rights	The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God	30
6804929447	Predestination	The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God has chosen some people for heaven and others for hell	31
6804929448	Glorious Revolution	The bloodiest overthrow English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on English throne	32
6804929449	Hagia Sophia	The church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman Empire	33
6804929450	Deism	The concept of God to the scientific revolution; that God was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws	34
6804929451	Heliocentric Revolution	The concept that the sun is the center of the solar system	35
6804929452	Triangular Trade	The 18th century trade network between Europe, Africa and the Americas	36
6804929453	Colombian Exchange	The exchange of food, crops, livestock and disease between Eastern and Western Europe after the voyage of Columbus	37
6804929454	Commercial Revolution	The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the 16th and 17th century	38
6804929455	Tokugawa Shogunate	The federal rulers of Japan who moved the capital to Edo. They ruled from 1603 to 1868	39
6804929456	Purdah	The Hindu custom of secluding women	40
6804929457	Middle passage	The portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas	41
6804929458	Excommunication	The practice of the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices	42
6804929459	Reconquista	The recapture of Muslim-held land in Spain by Christian forces. It was completed in 1492	43
6804929460	Catholic Reformation	The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education	44
6804929461	Dutch Learning	Western learning and information embraced by Japan	45
6804929462	Estates General	France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)	46
6804929463	Ninety Five Thesis	Written by Martin Luther, explained his woes and problems with the Catholic Church	47
6804929464	Early Modern Period	the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)	48
6804929465	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	49
6804929466	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended the 30 years war, allowing principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England.	50
6804929467	English Civil War	This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished.	51
6804929468	Scholasticism	Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion	52
6804929469	Brahe & Kepler	developed a more complex theory from Copernicus in 1610	53
6804929470	Galileo	used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas	54
6804929471	Humanism	interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals	55
6804929472	Patrons	supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young	56
6804929473	Medici	was a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family	57
6804929474	Erasmus	a humanist Dutch priest that published the first edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1516	58
6804929475	Johan Gutenberg	a German goldsmith and printer, who created the printing press, in 1454	59
6804929476	Nicolo Machiavelli	a Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader in the 16th century, in Italian city states	60
6804929477	Indulgences	The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church.	61
6804929478	John Calvin	A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God.	62
6804929479	Anglican Church	A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife.	63
6804929480	Nicholas Copernicus	a Polish monk who based tables on those by Nasir Al-Din, an Islamic scholar, to correct inaccurate calendars.	64
6804929481	Land-based Powers	A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected	65
6804929482	Sea-based Powers	Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims.	66
6804929483	Renaissance	A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever	67
6804929484	Adam Smith	He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations"	68
6804929485	John Locke	sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties	69
6804929486	Thomas Hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)	70
6804929487	Montesquieu	admired the British Parliament that had successfully gained power at the expense of the king, who also advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power	71
6804929488	Voltaire	wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms	72
6804929489	Rosseau	the most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community	73
6804929490	Holy Roman Empire	a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century	74
6804929491	Reconquest	the retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries.	75
6804929492	Joint-stock Companies	these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages.	76
6804929493	Vasco da Gama	set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal	77
6804929494	Christopher Columbus	A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West.	78
6804929495	Magellan	had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines	79
6804929496	Conquistadors	went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico	80
6804929497	Cortes	sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology	81
6804929498	Ethnocentrism	the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior	82
6804929499	Creoles	composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class	83
6804929500	Castas	a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom	84
6804929501	Dutch East India Company	a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific	85
6804929502	Indentured Servitude	a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage	86
6804929503	Columbian exchange	the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World	87
6804929504	Plantocracy	a small number of rich men owns most of the slaves and land, as well as had all the power	88
6804929505	Maroons	runaway slaves in the Carribean	89
6804929506	African Diaspora	The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750	90
6804929507	Gunpowder Empires	an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire)	91
6804929508	Suleiman the Magnificent	ruled the Ottomans as the empire reached the height of its power. The Ottomans controlled much of the water traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea	92
6804929509	Safavid Empire	an empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims	93
6804929510	Taj Mahal	a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife.	94
6804929511	Mughal Empire	an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s	95
6804929512	Kabuki	a form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts)	96
6804929513	Boyars	The nobility of the Russia feudal based economic system. They also had military responsibilities to overlords, including the tsar	97
6804929514	Peter the Great	The tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports	98
6804929515	St. Petersburg	The "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries)	99
6804929516	Tsar	a derivative of "Caesar", establishing a "3rd rome". This was a major propaganda for Russia	100
6804929517	Daimyo	power territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai	101
6804929518	Alternate attendance	Required Daimyos to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, keeping their power in check. Weakened in two ways: their wealth was affected by having two households, and their ability to establish separate power bases was impaired	102
6804929519	Kangxi	one of the rulers of the Manchu dynasty, helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. A sophisticated confucian scholar as well. His reign brought an empire that grew dramatically.	103
6804929520	Macartney Mission	the dispatch of Lord Macartney with other people to China, showing Britain's great interest in the Qing empire, as well the d Macartney esire to reuse the trade system	104
6804929521	Qing Dynasty	The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu	105
6804929522	Forbidden City	was the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing	106
6804929523	Kowtow	a special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling	107
6804929524	Qianlong	a ruler of the Manchu dynasty who helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. He brought much prosperity that he cancelled taxes 4 times	108
6804929525	Akbar	The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.	109
6804929526	Columbian Exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.	110
6804929527	Conquistadores	Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.	111
6804929528	Constantinople, 1453	The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.	112
6804929529	The Great Dying	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.	113
6804929530	Mestizo	Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.	114
6804929531	Mulatto	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.	115
6804929532	Ottoman Empire	Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.	116
6804929533	Siberia	Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.	117
6804929534	British/Dutch East India companies	Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.	118
6804929535	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.	119
6804929536	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).	120
6804929537	Middle Passage	Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.	121
6804929538	Samurai	The warrior elite of medieval Japan.	122
6804929539	Shogun	In Japan, a supreme military commander.	123
6804929540	Trading post empire	Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.	124
6804929541	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.	125
6804929542	Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.	126
6804929543	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success	127
6804929544	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.	128
6804929545	Isaac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.	129
6804929546	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.	130
6804929547	Thirty Year's War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).	131