Chapter 16-17 Quiz - AP World History Flashcards

5813690077	Magellan	Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim the Philippines	0
5813692406	Columbus	Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in America	1
5813696170	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe	2
5813702443	de Balboa	First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by either captains	3
5813705530	Pizarro	Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish	4
5813708881	Seven Years War	Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria; English seizures of colonies in India and North America	5
5813715590	Black Hale of Calcutta	Headquarters of British East India company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal	6
5813722122	de Gama	Portuguese sailor who mistakenly believed that the Indians were Christians, for they thought the Hindu temples were churches	7
5813736966	Columbian Exchange	Exchange that brought and spread diseases such as smallpox and measles	8
5813738339	Prince Henry	Navigator who financed annual expeditions down the western coast of Africa in an effort to find a sea route to the Indies, establish trade with Africa, and find the fabled Christian kingdom of Prester John	9
5813747521	Humanism	Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages	10
5813755244	Gutenberg	Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets	11
5813758150	Luther	German monk; initiated protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg Church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church	12
5813766308	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief	13
5813769923	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs	14
5813774157	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	15
5813777701	Proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries	16
5813784388	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe	17
5813789186	Galileo	Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work	18
5813792907	Newton	English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity	19
5813797346	Absolute Monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professional armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies	20
5813803291	Louis XIV	French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy	21
5813805179	Parliamentary Monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	22
5813817626	Adam Smith	Established liberal economies; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces	23
5813820486	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior	24