AP World History Ch. 1 and 2 Flashcards

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7221382234	earliest known human species	E Africa 2.5 Million years ago	0
7221383800	how did the earliest humans live	by hunting and gathering	1
7221398837	homo sapiens sapiens	most advanced humans. migrated from Africa to Middle East to Europe to Asia to Australia to the Americas	2
7222192112	what did they make tools and weapons out of	stones, sticks, and natural objects. eventually they progressed to stone, bone, and wood	3
7222194387	agriculture	10,000 years ago; provided steady food sources (*surplus); people lived ini larger groups; production increased by metalworking	4
7222200587	early human history year	2.5 million BCE to 1000 BCE	5
7222201469	BCE	before our common era	6
7222202208	first big concept	development of human hunting skills, adaptation of those skills to shifting geography and ice age climate, and human migration patterns	7
7222206022	second big concept	rise of agriculture and changes in technology	8
7222207257	third big concept	appearance of increasing distinctive human societies through agriculture and nomadic pastoralism and earlier contacts among early societies when larger and formally organized societies emerged	9
7222214413	neolithic revolution	9000 - 4000 BCE	10
7222220292	hunting shortage	10,000 years ago. hunters had to find new sources of food. women found out how to plant seeds and harvest grain (agriculture)	11
7222230722	wheel and metal hand tools	increased acriculture production	12
7222232818	what effect did agriculture have	birth rates went up, they had a surplus of food, reduced migration, people started working in non-agricultural jobs	13
7222236664	what effect did surplus have	population went up; larger groups of people lived together to maintain all the land, causing vulnerability to diseases; political structures and cities were created	14
7222243386	where were the 4 centers of civilization located	along river valleys	15
7222244785	upper class	rulers, landlords, priests	16
7222245804	early civilizations had...	monumental buildings for religion, more formal art and culture were standard features	17
7222251296	slow changes in civilizations were caused by	taking time to invent fundamental new devices, people remained attached to their old ways	18
7222257259	hunting and gathering required...	low birth rates, because so they limited births	19
7222258961	speech gene	improves human's capacity to communicate	20
7222260920	primates	neolithic humans; have opposable thumbs, higher brain capacity, omnivores	21
7222264049	Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age	2 million+ years the human species has existed	22
7223634269	mesolithic (middle stone) age	12,000 - 8000 BCE; humans fashioned stone tools	23
7223638751	neolithic (new stone) age	8000- 5000 BCE; better tool use, more elaborate social organization, and more population pressure led people to many parts of the world	24
7223655542	bronze age	bronze tools- 4000 BCE iron replaced bronze- 1500 BCE	25
7223657580	slash and burn agriculture	system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted	26
7223659389	bands	level of social organization with 20-30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided by gender	27
7223663442	Çatal Hüyük	7000 BCE; early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; modern southern turkey; larger population than Jericho; greater degree of social stratification	28
7223669676	1st civilizations	Mesopotamia; along the banks of Tigris and Euphrates rivers; developed from scratch	29
7223672996	mesopotamia	"between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates)	30
7223676598	2nd civilization	NE Africa (Egypt)	31
7223677202	3rd civilization	2500 BCE; banks of Indus River; NW India	32
7223678518	4th and 5th civilizations	China and Central America	33
7223679763	civilization	derived from Latin term for "city"; societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food, surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, and merchant and manufacturing groups	34
7223685050	cuneiform	for of writing developed by Sumerians; 300 symbols	35
7223686473	barbarian	society lacking in civilization	36
7223687162	nomads	cattle and sheep herding societies; "barbarians"	37
7223689203	ziggurats	massive towers associated w Mesopotamian temples; priest operated	38
7223698890	city-state	political organization in Mesopotamian civilizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban-based king	39
7223701929	Babylonian empire	unified Mesopotamia 1800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion 1600 BCE	40
7223705445	Hammurabi	most important ruler of Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law	41
7223707407	pharaoh	kings in Egypt	42
7223707879	pyramids	monumental architecture in Egypt; burial sites for pharaohs	43
7223709819	Kush	African state developed along upper regions of Nile; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	44
7223717087	Indus River Valley	river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappa civilization	45
7223745000	Harappa	along with Mohenjo Daro, major urban complex of the Harappa civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	46
7223752976	Mohenjo Daro	along with Harappa, major complex of the Harappa civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	47
7223756432	Yellow River	"Huanghe"; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China	48
7223760707	ideographs	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	49
7223762180	Shang	1st Chinese Dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Oraos, bulge of the Huanghe; flourished in 1600-1046 BCE	50
7223765703	oracle	priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writings	51
7223773192	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on shores of E Mediterranean; established colonies throughout Mediterranean; made a simplified alphabet w 22 letters	52
7223775796	polytheism	a religion that sees gods in different aspects of nature	53
7223776691	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by Jews into Western civilization	54