Unit 4 Test - AP World History Flashcards

5814143953	Magellan	Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim the Philippines	0
5814143954	Columbus	Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in America	1
5814143955	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe	2
5814143956	de Balboa	First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by either captains	3
5814143957	Pizarro	Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish	4
5814143958	Seven Years War	Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria; English seizures of colonies in India and North America	5
5814143959	Black Hole of Calcutta	Headquarters of British East India company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal	6
5814143960	de Gama	Portuguese sailor who mistakenly believed that the Indians were Christians, for they thought the Hindu temples were churches	7
5814143961	Columbian Exchange	Exchange that brought and spread diseases such as smallpox and measles	8
5814143962	Prince Henry	Navigator who financed annual expeditions down the western coast of Africa in an effort to find a sea route to the Indies, establish trade with Africa, and find the fabled Christian kingdom of Prester John	9
5814143963	Humanism	Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages	10
5814143964	Gutenberg	Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets	11
5814143965	Luther	German monk; initiated protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg Church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church	12
5814143966	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief	13
5814143967	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs	14
5814143968	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	15
5814143969	Proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries	16
5814143970	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe	17
5814143971	Galileo	Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work	18
5814143972	Newton	English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity	19
5814143973	Absolute Monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professional armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies	20
5814143974	Louis XIV	French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy	21
5814143975	Parliamentary Monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	22
5814143976	Adam Smith	Established liberal economies; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces	23
5814143977	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior	24
5814143978	Peter the Great	Son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changed selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models	25
5814143979	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry	26
5814143980	Pugachev Rebellion	During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate law; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter	27
5814143981	Westernization	When societies and regions are transformed through means of influence from the western societies	28
5814143982	Ferdinand and Isabella	Monarchs of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; their marriage created united Spain; responsible for conquest of Granada; initiation of exploration of New World	29
5814143983	Encomienda	Grants of India laborers made the Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies	30
5814143984	de las Casas	Dominican frior who supported peaceful conversation of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated for Indian rights	31
5814143985	Cortes	Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan	32
5814143986	Moctezuma II	Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan	33
5814143987	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs	34
5814143988	Mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control	35
5814143989	Haciendas	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power for local aristocracy	36
5814143990	Galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion	37
5814143991	Viceroyalties	Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king	38
5814143992	Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil	39
5814143993	Creoles	Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares	40
5814143994	Peninsulares	People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain	41
5814143995	Triangular Trade	Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe	42
5814143996	Osei Tutu	Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsibile for creating unified Asante Empire in 1701; utilized Western firearms	43
5814143997	Asantehene	Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool	44
5814143998	Dahomey	Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and part of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves	45
5814143999	Fulani	Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms, established state centered on Sokoto	46
5814144000	Mfecane	Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization in southern Africa	47
5814144001	Great Trek	Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal	48
5814144002	Middle Passage	Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas(16th-18th centuries); apparently a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture	49
5814144003	Wilberforce	British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807	50
5814144004	Boers	Dutch farmers who had crossed the Orange River in search of new lands	51
5814144005	Diaspora	A scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale	52
5814144006	Safavids	Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722	53
5814144007	Ottomans	Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkons; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkons that included most of Arab world	54
5814144008	Janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkons, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century	55
5814144009	Vizier	Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th century often more powerful than sultan	56
5814144010	Abbas the Great	Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated western military technology	57
5814144011	Imams	According to Shi'Ism, ruler who could trace descent from the successors of Ali	58
5814144012	Mullahs	Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'Ism	59
5814144013	Isfahan	Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to Shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture	60
5814144014	Babur	Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526 and died in 1530	61
5814144015	Akbar	Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India	62
5814144016	Taj Mahal	Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a new mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal	63
5814144017	Mughals	Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangezeb in first decades of 18th century	64
5814144018	Asian Sea Trading Network	Prior to the intervention of Europeans; consisted of three zones: Arab zones based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; China based on paper, porcelain, and silks	65
5814144019	Hongwu	First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name was Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry	66
5814144020	Ieyasu	Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoski; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan	67
5814144021	Edo	Former name of Tokyo and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa Shogunate	68
5814144022	Tokugawa Shogunate	The last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867	69
5814144023	Ming Dynasty	The restoration of ethnic Chinese rule and the reunification of the country	70
5814144024	Admiral Zhenghe	A Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming Dynasty	71