AP World History- Vocabulary Flashcards

7960664546	Kingdom of Ghana	West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade.	0
7960664547	Kingdom of Mali	a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries	1
7960664548	Kingdom of Songhai	last and final great empire of West Africa. a very big trading city back then where many people would trade things like gold for salt	2
7960664549	Sunni Ali	created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire	3
7960664550	Trans-Saharan Trade	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading	4
7960664551	Gold-Salt-Slaves	major commodities in medieval Africa	5
7960664552	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning	6
7960664553	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.	7
7960664554	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores."	8
7960664555	Indian Ocean Basin	The most important maritime trade network during the postclassical period. It involved trade between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants.	9
7960664556	Monsoons	warm, moisture-laden winds from the southwest that bring most of India's rainfall during the spring and summer.	10
7960664557	Animism	A local religion, mostly from Africa and the Americas, in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers.	11
7960664558	Nomads	Cattle-and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	12
7960664559	Bantu Migration	The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000	13
7960664560	City-States	Cities with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside; found in Aztec society	14
7960664561	Tenochtitlan	An ancient Aztec capital on the site of present-day Mexico City. Founded c. 1325, it was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521.	15
7960664562	Tribute System	A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.	16
7960664563	Human Sacrifice	Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Incas	17
7960664564	Chinampas	Artificial gardens on floating islands/farms that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Built because of lack of available farmland	18
7960664565	Mexica	Nahua language spoken, indigenous people in the valley of Mexico known today as the rulers of the Aztec empire	19
7960664566	Xocolatl/Cacao	Chocolate as used by the Azecs was called_____________ and was made from _____ beans; used as currency in Aztec civilization	20
7960664567	Obsidian	rock used in tools in Toletc and Mayans	21
7960664568	Quetzalcoatl	Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes	22
7960664569	Huizilopochtli	a sun god, and the patron of the city of Tenochtitlan. He was also the national god of the Mexicas of Tenochtitlan.	23
7960664570	Andes	A large system of mountain ranges located along the Pacific coast of Central and South America	24
7960664571	Mita	In the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year.	25
7960664572	Terraces	found in Inca and Aztec civilizations; A new form of agriculture in Aksum where stepped ridges constructed on mountain slopes help retain water and reduce erosion	26
7960664573	Potatoes	first grown in Inca; A starchy plant tuber that is one of the most important food crops, cooked and eaten as a vegetable.	27
7960664574	Machu Pichu	a city built by the Inca people on a mountaintop in the Andes Mountains in present-day Peru--- Means "great peak"	28
7960664575	Charlemange (ch. 17)	King of the Franks 768 to 814 from the Carolingian line. Ruled over 40 years. Most important leader of the Franks because he unified nearly all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire.	29
7960664576	Crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	30
7960664577	Salvation	The forgiveness of sins and restoration of friendship with God, which can be done by God alone.	31
7960664578	Feudalism vs Manoralism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land vs paying money to the lord in exchange for protection and the use of his land to live on and farm.	32
7960664579	Fiefdom	The estate or domain of a feudal lord; something over which one dominant person or group exercises control.	33
7960664580	Vassal	(in the feudal system) a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant.	34
7960664581	Holy Roman Empire	A Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope.	35
7960664582	Franks	A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and restored order after the collapse of the Roman empire by establishing their own centralized state (empire)	36
7960664583	Anglo-Saxons	A united kingdom of the German Saxons and Angles (both of which had invaded England in the early 5th century); had been united under King Alfred the Great in the late 9th century; invaded by King William of Normandy in 1066, defeating King Harold (Battle of Hastings); intermarriage between the French Normans and Anglo Saxon nobles soon began.	37
7960664584	Battle of Hastings (1066)	led by William the conquerer, the Normands invaded and conquered England	38
7960664585	Pope	Bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishop; Becomes head of the Roman Catholic Church; Very powerful during the Middle Ages;	39
7960664586	Archbishop	A bishop of the highest, heading an archdiocese or province	40
7960664587	Bishop	A successor of the Apostles who has received the fullness of Christ's priesthood	41
7960664588	Clergy	A strong organization made up of different levels of officials that the church had built in the late years of the Roman Empire. Anyone who's a member of the church is in this	42
7960664589	Priest	A member of the order of priesthood; co-workers with their bishops that form a unique sacerdotal college or presbyterium dedicated to assist their bishops in priestly service to the People of God.	43
7960664590	Monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	44
7960664591	(Christian) Monks	Christian men who gave up there private possessions and devoted their lives to serving God in Monasteries.	45
7960664592	Vikings	Came from Scandanavia, also called Northmen or Norsemen, and Danes. Sea warriors, they built amazing ships that held 300 warriors, could hold 30 tons. Raided villages and monastaries. Also traded and farmed. Journeyed to Russia and Constantinople.	46
7960664593	Longboats	Boats with shallow bows and trademark dragons or scary faces on the tip of the ship that were used by the Vikings	47
7960664594	Newfoundland	An island of Canada that is off the east coast of mainland Canada; first explored by Lief Ericson (Viking)	48
7960664595	Eric the Red	Sailed west to Iceland; thrown out of viking group;sailed to Greenland,cold;called Greenland to make it sound like a nice place so people from Iceland would come over	49
7960664596	Lief Ericson	Was Eric the Red's Son sailed to North America North America in about 1000 and explored what is what is today called Newfoundland.	50
7960664597	Chivalry	Code of conduct for knight and nobles during European feudalism.	51
7960664598	Magna Carta	(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom	52
7960664599	Parliament	A governing body during the Middle Ages that represented the privileged groups including the nobles and the church was called ____.	53
7960664600	Hundred Years' War	(1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.	54
7960664601	Scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	55
7960664602	Vernacular Language	The common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century as is exemplified by the works of Petrarch (1304-74), Boccaccio (1313-75). and Chaucer (1342-1400). Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation.	56
7960664603	Guild System	A system for specialized workers in the medieval times. It would set regulations for price and other factors to eliminate competition in the town, kept the number of people in a specific job limited, had to go through apprenticeship -> journey man ->master	57
7960664604	Middle Class	A social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor.	58
7960664605	Anti-Semitism	Discrimination against Jews; found in Europe during Middle Ages	59
7960664606	Black Death	A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; Bubonic Plague	60
7960664607	Khan	Mongol ruler	61
7960664608	Khanate	four divisions of the Mongol world - Chaghadai, Persia, Kipchak (Golden Horde), and Yuan dynasty in China	62
7960664609	Chenggis (Ghengis) Khan	established the Mongol Empire and is considered one of the greatest warriors of all time. Loyalty was extremely important to him, to the point where he would execute men that betrayed their lords thinking they would get on his good side; created the Ih Zasag, known as the Great Law.	63
7960664610	Nomads	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently (MONGOLS)	64
7960664611	Steppes	Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military	65
7960664612	Turkic tribes	Nomadic group that set up 3 Islamic states of the 15th century	66
7960664613	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.	67
7960664614	Yuan Dynasty	1271-1368 CE. Established when the Mongols conquered the Chinese Song Dynasty. Mongol reign short-lived, ending when the Mongols were driven from China in the 1300s.	68
7960664615	Pax Mongolica	"Mongol Peace" from mid-1200's through mid-1300's imposed stability and law and order across Eurasia. Guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of empire to other.	69
7960664616	Khanate of the Golden Horde	The official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Kiev fell to the Mongols and then they controlled southern Russia for 200 years. The capitol of the area was in Sarai. Western most part of the Mongol Empire	70
7960664617	Central Asia	the core region of the Asian Continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the West to China in the East and from Afghanistan in the South to Russia in the North; w/ Muslims, poeple from here ranked just below Mongols in Yuan Dynasty	71
7960664618	Meritocracy	A system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement; Mongols used when brought talanted to capital	72
7960664619	Religious Tolerance	Willingness to let others practice their own beliefs; practiced by Mongols	73
7960664620	Buddhism	the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth; mahayana, pure land school (nembutsu, mappo) in Japan	74
7960664621	Confucianism	A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct; spread to Japan	75
7960664622	Shintoism (ch. 15)	An ancient, indigenous religion native to Japan, characterized by veneration of nature spirits and ancestors and by a lack of formal dogma.	76
7960664623	Shogun	a military governor who ruled in place of the Japanese emperor. The emperor was the symbolic head, but real power lied in the hands of the Shogun.	77
7960664624	Medieval Japan	A middle era falling between the Nara and Heian periods and the Tokugawa dynasty of the Modern Age.	78
7960664625	Heian Period	(794 - 1100) The Emperor of Japan moves the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates; arts and literature of china flourished; elaborate court life; personal diaries (pillow book and the take of genji); moved away from chinese culture	79
7960664626	Feudalism (Japan)	Four class system laid down with marriage restrictions and to members of the same class. 1-emporer and shogun. 2- dayimo. 3- samurai 4- artisans, commoners, merchants	80
7960664627	Bushido	Samurai moral code based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death	81
7960664628	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	82
7960664629	flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	83
7960664630	Neo-Confucianism	term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism	84
7960664631	Sui Dynasty	(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.	85
7960664632	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	86
7960664633	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	87
7960664634	Land distribution (China)	Policy where land is taken from people with plenty of land and given to people with little or no land, used in post-classical China	88
7960664635	Song Dynasty	(960-1279 C.E.) Did not last long due to a large expensive bureaucracy and a weak military. Will fall to the Mongols in 1279.	89
7960664636	Five Pillars	true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime	90
7960664637	Umma	"Community of the faithful" (All followers of Islam)	91
7960664638	dar al-Islam	An Arabic term that means "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule	92
7960664639	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	93
7960664640	Hijra	Muhammad's flight (migration) from Mecca to Medina	94
7960664641	jihad	"struggle" against ignorance and unbelief by spreading the word of Islam	95
7960664642	Qur'an	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.	96
7960664643	Shari'ah	All-encompassing system of laws, regulations and advice that tell a Muslim how to live his or her life. Deals with a person's obligations to God. A blue print for righteous living. Implemented by the Caliphs. Influenced was gradually reduced by Western rulers and powers, Eventually disposed of and replaced with concepts from Europe. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia practice it to this day,	97
7960664644	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.	98
7960664645	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.	99
7960664646	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca	100
7960664647	Muslim	"One who has submitted"; followers of Islam	101
7960664648	Islam	means "submission," signifying obedience to the rule and will of Allah.	102
7960664649	Muhammad	Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c.610, in Mecca, he received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Qur'an, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam	103
7960664650	"People of the Book"	the name for Jews and Christians for whom the Muslims had religious tolerance; called this because each religion had a holy book with teachings similar to that of the Qur'an	104
7960664651	Caliphs	"Successor to the Prophet"; Islamic head of state (both political and religious leader)	105
7960664652	Sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	106
7960664653	Sufism	An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.	107
7960664654	Shi'a	a Muslim group (sect) that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law, Ali, as the true rulers of Islam	108
7960664655	Abbasid Caliphate	(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.	109
7960664656	Umayyad Caliphate	First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India.	110
7960664657	Córdoba	capital of Muslim Spain, an economic center, hundreds of workshops, culture and learning flourished there	111
7960664658	Damascus	An ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria. It was the capital during the Umayyad dynasty.	112
7960664659	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	113
7960664660	Jerusalem	A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.	114
7960664661	Sultan	Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country	115
7960664662	Seljuk Turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	116
7960664663	Mosque	A Muslim place of worship	117
7960664664	Madrasa	A school for the study of Muslim law and religious science	118
7960664665	Caligraphy	the art of beautiful handwriting which was thought to be the only handwriting worthy of the word of god that could be used on the Qur'an. It was the only type of handwriting allowed to write the Qur'an	119
7960664666	Slavs	Ancient cultures from around 500 AD that came to Northern Russia. Many lived in Novgorod and Kiev	120
7960664667	Kievan Rus	State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the Ninth century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia	121
7960664668	Novgorod	Rurik founded city; first important Russian city; modern day Estonia	122
7960664669	Grand Prince of Kiev	Vladimir	123
7960664670	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	124
7960664671	Serf	A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times	125
7960664672	Russian Orthodox Church	The religion adopted by the Russian Princes in Kiev. Moscow will become known as the Third Rome, the cultural and religious guide of Christianity (after fall of Rome and Constantinople)	126
7960664673	Ottoman Empire	Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.	127
7960664674	Eastern Orthodox Christianity	A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the pope as it's supreme leader; brought to Russia by Grand Prince Vladimir	128
7960664675	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	129
7960664676	Justinian (ch. 13)	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	130
7960664677	Theodora	Byzantine empress; she was married to Justinian and exerted a great influnece over him and over the political and religious events of the empire.	131
7960664678	Caesaropapism	Emperor not only ruled as a secular lord but also played an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs	132
7960664679	Hagia Sophia	Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.	133
7960664680	Justinian's Code	A law code created by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian about 530 CE. It was a revision of the old Roman law system.	134
7960664681	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople	135
7960664682	Eastern Orthodox Church	Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia	136
7960664683	Great Schism- 1054 C.E.	split between Eastern and Western Christian Churches turning into the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches	137
7960664684	icons	During the Middle Ages, the two branches of Christianity drew farther apart. A dispute over the use of _____, or holy images, contributed to the split. Many Byzantine Christians used images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints in their worship. However, one Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration of icons, saying it violated God's commandment against worshiping "graven images."	138
7960664685	Mosaics	colored cubes in plaster to form a picture (developed from Roman tradition)	139
7960664686	Patriarch	Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, compared to the Pope is head of the Catholic Church.	140