AP Biology Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards
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| 6125125209 | two | How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis? | 0 | |
| 6125125210 | genome | -consists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits | 1 | |
| 6125125211 | chromosomes | -packages in a cell which contain DNA molecules -humans have 46 -each species has a specific number |  | 2 |
| 6125125212 | chromatin | -makes up chromosomes -complex of DNA and protein |  | 3 |
| 6125125213 | somatic cells | -have two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive | 4 | |
| 6125125214 | gametes | -have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells | 5 | |
| 6125125215 | sister chromatids | -each duplicated chromosome has two -separate during cell division |  | 6 |
| 6125125216 | centromere | -narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome -where the two chromatids are most closely attached |  | 7 |
| 6125125217 | cytokinesis | -division of the cytoplasm | 8 | |
| 6125125218 | interphase | -where 90% of a cell's life is spent -cell growing and chromosomes coping -3 subphases: -G1 -Synthesis -G2 -cell is growing | 9 | |
| 6125125219 | G2 | In which subphase of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated? | 10 | |
| 6125125220 | prophase | -first stage of mitosis -spindle fibers start to forms -nucleus thins -sister chromatids combine to make chromosomes |  | 11 |
| 6125125221 | prometaphase | -second stage of mitosis -the nuclear envelope fragments -the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes |  | 12 |
| 6125125222 | metaphase | -third phase of mitosis -chromosomes line up in the center of the cell -spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid |  | 13 |
| 6125125223 | anaphase | -fourth phase of mitosis -sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell |  | 14 |
| 6125125224 | telophase | -fifth and final stage of mitosis -genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell -nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push each other elongating the cell |  | 15 |
| 6125125225 | mitotic spindle | -apparatus of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis |  | 16 |
| 6125125226 | centrosome | -microtubule organizing center -replicates, each set goes to opposite ends -spindle fibers grow out from them |  | 17 |
| 6125125227 | kinetochores | -protein complexes that assemble on sections of DNA at centromeres -where spindle fibers and microtubules attach |  | 18 |
| 6125125228 | metaphase plate | -midway point between the spindles two poles -where chromosomes line up in metaphase |  | 19 |
| 6125125229 | cleavage furrow | -formed during late telophase and cytokinesis |  | 20 |
| 6125125230 | cell plate | forms in plant cells during cytokinesis |  | 21 |
| 6125125231 | binary fission | -prokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart |  | 22 |
| 6125125233 | checkpoints | -where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received -G1 is the most important for many cells |  | 23 |
| 6125125234 | G0 | -the nondividing stage of the cell if it does not pass the G1 checkpoint | 24 | |
| 6125125235 | growth factors | proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide | 25 | |
| 6125125237 | cancer cells | -cells that exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence -escape the usual control system -do not need growth factors to divide | 26 | |
| 6125125238 | tumors | -masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue -formed by cancer cells | 27 | |
| 6125125239 | benign tumor | -lump of abnormal cells remaining only at the original site of the cancer | 28 | |
| 6125125240 | malignant tumor | invade surrounding tissue | 29 | |
| 6125125241 | metastasize | exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors | 30 | |
| 6125125242 | 46 | What is the chromosome number for humans? | 31 | |
| 6125125243 | homologous chromosomes | -2 chromosomes in each pair -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters |  | 32 |
| 6125125244 | diploid cell | -has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n |  | 33 |
| 6125125245 | haploid | -gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n | 34 | |
| 6125125246 | fertilization | the union of gametes (sperm and egg) | 35 | |
| 6125125247 | zygote | -fertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis | 36 | |
| 6125125248 | prophase I | -occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis -chromosomes condense -synapse and crossing over -tetrads and chiasmata | 37 | |
| 6125125249 | synapsis | -homologous chromosomes loosely pair up -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair | 38 | |
| 6125125250 | crossing over | nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments |  | 39 |
| 6125125251 | metaphase I | homologous pairs line up in the middles of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to them |  | 40 |
| 6125125252 | anaphase I | -chromosomes move toward each pole -sister chromatids move as one unit toward the pole |  | 41 |
| 6125125253 | telophase I | -beginning: each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes -each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids |  | 42 |
| 6125125254 | prophase II | spindle apparatus forms |  | 43 |
| 6125125255 | metaphase II | -because of crossing over the sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical -kinetochores of sister chromosomes attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles |  | 44 |
| 6125125256 | anaphase II | -sister chromatids of each chromosome move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles |  | 45 |
| 6125125257 | telophase II | -chromosomes arrive at opposite poles -nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing |  | 46 |
| 6125125258 | independent assortment of chromosomes | -mechanism contributing to genetic variation -homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly -metaphase I -each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs -the number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2^n where n is the haploid number |  | 47 |
| 6125125259 | crossing over | -mechanism contributing to genetic variation -produces recombinant chromosomes -begins in early prophase I -homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene -homologue portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places -combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome |  | 48 |
| 6125125260 | random fertilization | -any sperm can fuse with any ovum -the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations -each zygote has a unique genetic identity |  | 49 |