AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9859918138	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9859918139	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9859918140	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9859918141	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9859918142	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9859918143	psychodynamic approach	unconscious/subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9859918144	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9859918145	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9859918146	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9859918147	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9859918148	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9859918149	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9859918150	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9859918151	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9859918152	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9859918153	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9859918154	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9859918155	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9859918156	experimental method	does show cause and effect through the intentional manipulation of an independent variable	18
9859918157	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9859918158	sample	actual population who will be studies (randomness reduces bias)	20
9859918159	random assignment	chance selection of how participants will be studied (often the difference between a control group and an experimental group)	21
9859918162	independent variable	the variable in the study that is changed/manipulated in the hopes of causing a hypothetical effect	22
9859918163	dependent variable	the variable in the studied that is changed and measured as a result of the experiment	23
9859918164	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	24
9859918165	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	25
9859918167	hypothesis	measurable/specific claim of the believed relationship that exists between 2 variables	26
9859918168	operational definition	specific explanation of the variables that are studied that is provided to enhance replicability	27
9859918169	mode	appears the most	28
9859918170	mean	average	29
9859918171	median	middle	30
9859918172	range	highest - lowest	31
9859918173	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	32
9859918175	bell curve	(natural curve)	33
9859918177	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality withdraw at any time	34
9859918178	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	35
9859918179	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	36
9859918180	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	37
9859918372	neuron		38
9859918181	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	39
9859918182	myelin sheath	protects the axon and regulates transmission speed	40
9859918183	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	41
9859918184	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	42
9859918185	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	43
9859918186	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	44
9859918187	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	45
9859918188	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	46
9859918189	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	47
9859918190	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	48
9859918191	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	49
9859918192	sympathetic nervous system	arousing/energizing; "fight or flight"	50
9859918193	parasympathetic nervous system	calming/relaxing; "rest and digest"	51
9859918194	neural plasticity	more connections in neural networks form with greater use while others fall away if not used	52
9859918195	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	53
9859918196	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	54
9859918197	master gland	pituitary gland	55
9859918199	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	56
9859918200	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	57
9859918202	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	58
9859918203	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	59
9859918204	cerebellum	implicit memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	60
9859918205	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	61
9859918206	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions; triggers fight or flight response	62
9859918209	hippocampus	process new memory; stores explicit memory	63
9859918213	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	64
9859918214	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	65
9859918215	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning; also pain, pressure, and position of body in space	66
9859918216	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	67
9859918217	occipital lobe	vision	68
9859918218	corpus callosum	bridge in the brain that allows for cross-lateralization	69
9859918219	Wernicke's area	in the temporal lobe, interprets auditory and hearing; COMPREHENSION of language	70
9859918220	Broca's area	in the frontal lobe; PRODUCTION of language, like speaking words	71
9859918222	sensation	what our senses tell us	72
9859918223	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	73
9859918224	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	74
9859918225	top-down processing	brain to senses	75
9859918226	inattentional blindness	fail to perceive sensory information because attention is elsewhere (think "invisible gorilla")	76
9859918227	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	77
9859918230	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice the presence of a stimuli 50% of the time	78
9859918231	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us when we are presented with multiple stimuli at one time	79
9859918232	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	80
9859918233	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	81
9859918234	rods	processes better during night time, processing of black and white and peripheral vision	82
9859918235	cones	processing of color and highly detailed vision	83
9859918236	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	84
9859918237	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	85
9859918238	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	86
9859918241	place theory of hearing	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane	87
9859918242	frequency theory	auditory processing is based on the vibration caused by the impulse of the sound's frequency	88
9859918244	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	89
9859918245	gate-control theory	the spine acts a gate to the brain that can allow or block signals to pass through to be sensed, or not (often specifically applied to pain management)	90
9859918247	smell	close to memory section, (not in thalamus), highly integrated with the sense of taste	91
9859918248	Gestalt principles of perception	make sense of pieces create a whole	92
9859918249	Gestalt principles	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	93
9859918252	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	94
9859918253	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	95
9859918254	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	96
9859918255	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	97
9859918256	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	approx. 90 minutes	98
9859918257	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	99
9859918258	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	100
9859918259	insomnia	can't sleep	101
9859918260	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	102
9859918261	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	103
9859918264	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	104
9859918265	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	105
9859918267	depressants	slows neural pathways	106
9859918268	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	107
9859918269	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	108
9859918270	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	109
9859918271	stimulants	hypes neural processing	110
9859918272	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	111
9859918273	caffeine	((stimulant))	112
9859918274	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	113
9859918275	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	114
9859918276	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	115
9859918277	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	116
9859918278	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	117
9859918279	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	118
9859918280	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	119
9859918281	types of learning	classical operant observational	120
9859918282	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	121
9859918283	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	122
9859918284	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	123
9859918285	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	124
9859918286	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation) Step 2: PAIRING = NS (bell) -> UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	125
9859918287	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: UCS (noise) -> UCR (cry) Step 2: PAIRING = NS (rat) -> UCS (noise) -> UCR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	126
9859918288	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	127
9859918289	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	128
9859918290	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	129
9859918291	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	130
9859918292	operant conditioning	control by organism	131
9859918293	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	132
9859918294	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	133
9859918295	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	134
9859918296	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	135
9859918297	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	136
9859918298	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	137
9859918299	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	138
9859918300	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	139
9859918301	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	140
9859918302	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	141
9859918303	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	142
9859918304	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	143
9859918305	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	144
9859918306	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	145
9859918308	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	146
9859918309	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	147
9859918310	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	148
9859918311	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	149
9859918312	observational learning	attention, motivation, retention, and reproduction	150
9859918313	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	151
9859918315	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	152
9859918316	Long term potentiation	strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	153
9859918320	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	154
9859918324	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	155
9859918325	Information Processing Model	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	156
9859918326	encoding	information going in; iconic, echoic, and semantic	157
9859918327	storage	keeping information in, REHEARSAL, working memory model	158
9859918328	retrieval	taking information out through recall or recognition	159
9859918329	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	160
9859918330	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	161
9859918331	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7 +/- 2	162
9859918334	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	163
9859918335	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something, (central executive, visiospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic buffer)	164
9859918336	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	165
9859918337	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	166
9859918338	implicit memory	naturally do	167
9859918339	explicit memory	need to explain	168
9859918340	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	169
9859918341	effortful processing	processing that requires attention and effort	170
9859918342	spacing effect	spread out learning over time is stored and retrieved best	171
9859918343	serial position effect	primary/recency effect; information is remembered in the order in which it is presented	172
9859918344	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	173
9859918345	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	174
9859918347	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	175
9859918348	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	176
9859918349	misinformation effect	not correct information	177
9859918352	priming	association (setting you up)	178
9859918353	context	environment helps with memory	179
9859918354	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	180
9859918355	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	181
9859918356	Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve	we forget a lot of information very quickly, but what is retained is permanently in long term memory	182
9859918358	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	183
9859918359	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	184
9859918361	Loftus	developed theory of misinformation effect	185
9859918363	problem-solving strategies	trial + error algorithms heuristic (analogies, means-end analysis) insight - "AHA!"	186
9859918364	barriers to problem-solving	functional fixedness, mental set	187
9859918365	mental set	what has worked in the past	188
9859918366	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	189
9859918367	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	190
9859918368	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	191
9859918369	grammar is _________	universal	192
9859918370	phonemes	smallest sound unit	193
9859918371	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	194
9860403945	decision-making strategies	representative and availability heuristics	195
9860432755	Assimilation	Focus on similarities between new information and schematic knowledge (a zebra is a horse)	196
9860439660	Accomodation	Focus on differences between new information and schematic knowledge, need to change schema (a giraffe is not a horse)	197
9860459002	Piaget's "markers" of cognitive development	Sensori-motor - develop object permanence Preoperational - develop conservation Concrete operational - develop logical thinking Formal operational - develop abstract thinking	198
9860489889	Maslow's hierarchy of needs	Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization	199