AP Psychology Parts of the Brain Flashcards
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| 5318793456 | amygdala | - above brainstem and hippocampus, within temporal lobe - processes emotions, fight-or-flight response, reward/ fear processing, learning - if damaged - inability to create fear responses, risky behavior, deficits in recognizing emotion |  | 0 |
| 5318793457 | primary motor cortex (M1) | - between premotor cortex and parietal lobe - critical to initiating motor movements, coordination and initiation of motor movement - if damaged - speech impairments, distortions of body image, motor learning deficits |  | 1 |
| 5318793458 | somatosensory cortex | - parietal lobe, right of primary motor cortex - receives tactile information from the body, sensory processing and integration - if damaged - difficulties in perceiving touch and recognizing one's own body, failure to recognize objects by touch |  | 2 |
| 5318793459 | temporal lobe | - below frontal and parietal lobe - perception, face/ object recognition, memory aquisition, emotional reactions - if damaged - inability to recognize specific categories, long/ short term memory loss, aggression |  | 3 |
| 5318793460 | thalamus | - above amygdala and hippocampus, in temporal lobe - receives sensory cortex and sends them to appropriate areas of forebrain - if damaged - loss of alertness, amnesia, aphasia, sleepiness, impaired movements and posture |  | 4 |
| 5318793461 | visual cortex | - in occipital lobe, above cerebellum - receives visual input from retinas - if damaged - loss of vision, partial/ complete blindness |  | 5 |
| 5318793462 | Wernicke's area | between primary auditory cortex and angular gyrus, in temporal lobe - language comprehension - if damaged - inability to comprehend written or spoken language |  | 6 |
| 5318793463 | angular gyrus | - in parietal lobe, near edge of temporal lobe - processing of auditory and visual input and in comprehension of language - if damaged - loss of capability to read or write |  | 7 |
| 5318793464 | association areas | - frontal lobe - integrates information from different receptors/ sensory areas that relay information to past experiences - if damaged - process of information slows down |  | 8 |
| 5318793465 | cerebral cortex | - gray wrinkled surface of a thin layer packed of neurons - all thinking activities (determining personality, planning, intelligence, organization); divided into 4 lobes - if damaged - sensory and motor problems |  | 9 |
| 5318793466 | medulla | - above spinal cord, part of brain stem, below pons - basic bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, circulation ,etc. - if damaged - death, drooling, breathing assistance, drooling |  | 10 |
| 5318793467 | neurotransmitter | - chemicals in terminal buttons that travel in the synaptic gap between neurons - brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our body and brain |  | 11 |
| 5318793468 | types of neurotransmitters | - acetylcholine - dopamine - serotonin - norepinephrine | 12 | |
| 5318793469 | motor cortex | - frontal lobe, edge of back frontal lobe touching parietal lobe - generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement - if damaged - loss of muscle function, paralysis | | 13 |
| 5318793470 | pituitary gland | - next to optic nerve and hypothalamus - releases growth hormones - if damaged - production of hormones is irregular or stops |  | 14 |
| 5318793471 | reticular formation | - part of brain stem between temporal lobe and cerebellum - regulate sleeping, alertness, focus controls, sleep- wake cycle - if damaged - lack of sleep, over sleeping, loss of focus, never wake up |  | 15 |
| 5318793472 | sensory cortex | - parietal lobe next to motor cortex, above temporal lobe - receives all sensory output from the body - if damaged - temporary loss of senses, problem interpreting tactile information |  | 16 |
| 5318793473 | auditory cortex | - temporal lobe, beside ears - process auditory information - if damaged - loss of hearing |  | 17 |
| 5318793474 | pineal gland | - above brain stem and pons, almost directly above cerebellum - produces melatonin; affects sleep patterns - if damaged - hypertension, epilepsy, sexual dysfunction |  | 18 |
| 5318793475 | longitudinal fissure | - between the 2 hemispheres of the brain - separates the 2 hemispheres |  | 19 |
| 5318793476 | glial cells | - on neuron - insulation to neurons - if damaged - DNA damage, cell loss |  | 20 |
| 5318793477 | cranium | - skull - protects brain - if damaged - head injury, skull fracture |  | 21 |
| 5318793478 | spinal cord | - spine - connects peripheral nervous system to brain, information is sent through and to the brain - if damaged - changes in strength and sensation, disrupted signals, paralyzed | 22 | |
| 5318793479 | serotonin | -mood and motivation - shapes personality - low in depressed people - too much: shivering, diarrhea, fever, muscle rigidity, seizures - too little: highly emotional, distressed, insomnia, rage, irritability, anxiety, depression | 23 | |
| 5318793480 | dopamine | - reward and pleasure - regulate movement and emotional responses - deficiency results in Parkinson Disease and prone to addiction - "risk takers" - too much: agitation ,anxiety, feelings of pleasure, high energy and libido, reward seeking, linked with schizophrenia too little: depression, muscle rigidity | 24 | |
| 5318793481 | norepinephrine | - secreted in response to stress - affects attention and responding reactions - "stress hormone" - too much: emotional, anxiety, depression - too little: loss of alertness, memory problems, lack of arousal and interest | 25 | |
| 5318793482 | acetylcholine (ACh) | - movement and memory - too much: muscle contractions - too little: immobility | 26 | |
| 5318793483 | GABA | - Gamma Amino Butyric Acid - anxiety and excitation - prevalent inhibitory in neurons of CNS - too much: anxiety, shortness of breath, numbness - too little: anxiety disorders | 27 | |
| 5318793484 | glutamate | - learning and memory - too much: over excitation ,restlessness, nervousness, insomnia | 28 | |
| 5318793485 | brain stem | - above spinal cord, includes pons; medulla; midbrain - alertness, sleep, balance, startle response, basic vital life functions - if damaged - organ failure, difficulties balancing and moving | 29 | |
| 5318793486 | Broca's area | - left frontal lobe, directly above temporal cortex - language production, comprehension of syntax - if damaged - broca's aphasia, repetitive speech |  | 30 |
| 5318793487 | cerebellum | - behind brainstem, below occipital lobe - monotors and regulates motor control, automatic muscle movements, balance, timing - if damaged - inability to walk, dizziness, slurred speech |  | 31 |
| 5318793488 | corpus callosum | - between 2 hemispheres - connects right and left hemisphere and allows information to pass through - split brain, memory impairments | 32 | |
| 5318793489 | frontal lobe | - front of brain, consists of prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex; motor and premotor; broca's area - planning, solving, decision making, motor control - if damaged - paralysis, inability to express language, atypical social skills |  | 33 |
| 5318793490 | hippocampus | - 2 arms surrounding thalamus -memory - if damaged - severe memory impairment, inability to form new memories |  | 34 |
| 5318793491 | hypothalamus | - above brainstem, next to thalamus - hunger thirst, body temperature, sleep - if damaged - hypothermia, excessive sleep, weight gain/ loss |  | 35 |
| 5318793492 | limbic system | - includes amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus - emotional control center of the brain - if damaged - sense of smell impairments, uncontrolled emotions |  | 36 |
| 5318793493 | occipital lobe | - way back of brain - interpret messages from out eye in our visual cortex - if damaged - total/ partial loss of vision, hallucinations, color blindness |  | 37 |
| 5318793494 | parietal lobe | - above temporal lobe, behind frontal lobe - receives and processes sensory information ( pain, touch, pressure), spatial attention - if damaged - difficulty reading, recognizing people; objects; or pain, lack of coordination |  | 38 |
| 5318793495 | pons | - part of brain stem, above medulla, below thalamus - facial expressions, bridge of information, hearing, taste - if damaged - loss of taste, inability to form facial expressions |  | 39 |
| 5318793496 | prefrontal cortex | - front of frontal lobe - planning, reasoning judgement, social skills - if damaged - inability to inhibit social behaviors |  | 40 |
| 5318793497 | premotor cortex | - between prefrontal lobe and motor cortices - planning and executing motor movements - if damaged - impaired self-initiated movements and learning in association a motor response to visual cue |  | 41 |
| 5318793498 | dendrites | a branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body and carries information into the neuron |  | 42 |
| 5318793499 | cell body | contains nucleus, connected to dendrites and axon |  | 43 |
| 5318793500 | nucleus | brain of the cell (h) |  | 44 |
| 5318793501 | axon | extended fiber that conducts information from the cell body to the terminal buttons; travels in the form of an electric charge (action potential) |  | 45 |
| 5318793502 | neural impulse | electrical signal traveling along an axon | 46 | |
| 5318793503 | nodes of ranvier | allows an action potential to propagate quickly down an axon, small gaps form on axons between myelin sheath |  | 47 |
| 5318793504 | myelin sheath | insulating covering that surrounds an axon with multiple spiral layer of myelin |  | 48 |
| 5318793505 | axon terminals | bulb like structures at the end of an axon, which contains neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into the synapse (j) |  | 49 |
| 5318793506 | synapse | gap that serves as a communications link between neurons | 50 | |
| 5318793507 | all or none principle | neuron either fires completely or doesn't fire at all | 51 | |
| 5318793508 | EEG | - electroencephalogram - detects brain waives - generalize brain function - widely used in sleep and dreaming research | 52 | |
| 5318793509 | CAT | - computerized axial tomography - 3D picture - X-Ray - look for tumor - would not get any information about how active parts of the brain are | 53 | |
| 5318793510 | MRI | - magnetic resonance imaging - similar to CAT scan - more detailed picture - uses magnetic field to measure the density and location of brain material - gives information about the structure of the brain | 54 | |
| 5318793511 | PET | - position emission tomography - see what areas of the brain are most active during certain task - how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain are using | 55 | |
| 5318793512 | Functional MRI | - combines MRI and PET scan - shows details of brain structure with information about book flow in brain | 56 | |
| 5318793513 | CNS | - central nervous system - brain and spinal cord | 57 | |
| 5318793514 | PNS | - peripheral nervous system - somatic and autonomic - neurons throughout your body | 58 | |
| 5318793515 | efferent neurons | - motor - sends information to body parts for movement | 59 | |
| 5318793516 | afferent neurons | - sensory - information to CNS from body parts | 60 | |
| 5318793517 | agonist | blocks re-uptake, excites, mimics | 61 | |
| 5318793518 | antagonist | prevents release, blocks, inhibits | 62 | |
| 5318793519 | resting potential | neuron ready to fire | 63 | |
| 5318793520 | excitatory neurotransmitter | neurotransmitters makes the receiving neuron MORE likely to generate an action potential | 64 | |
| 5318793521 | inhibitory neurotransmitter | neurotransmitters makes the receiving neuron LESS likely to generate an action potential | 65 | |
| 5318793522 | lesion | natural or man made destruction of brain tissue | 66 | |
| 5318793523 | plasticity | the ability for a brain hemisphere to adapt and do functions the other side did | 67 | |
| 5318793524 | glutamate | - excitatory neurotransmitter - memory | 68 | |
| 5318793525 | endocrine system | system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream ( controlled by hypothalamus) | 69 |