AP Human Geography Language Unit Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 7857111855 | Culture | Sum of all the typical activities of a group of people (how a group lives) -values -material items -institutions (government, religion, etc) | 0 | |
| 7857111856 | 6 Official Languages of the UN | English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, & Mandarin -EU however has 23 official language (wants to acknowledge every culture there) | 1 | |
| 7857111857 | Language | systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventional signs, gestures, marks, or especially articulate vocal sounds\ -VOCALIZATION IS CRUCIAL (esp. if discussing humans) -examples: Tamil, math, music, dancing, Cantonese, Flemish, etc. | 2 | |
| 7857111858 | Why is language at the heart of culture? | without language- culture can not be transmitted -Sans la langue, la culture ne peut pas se transmettre | 3 | |
| 7857111859 | What is literary tradition? | A system of writing- helps cultural continuity -Mandarin=oldest "surviving" writing system -ideograms (characters/symbols vs. alphabets (letters) -invention of printing press helps spread literacy (1439) | 4 | |
| 7857111860 | Approximately, how many languages are spoken today? | It is estimated that between 4000 to 8000 different languages are spoken today | 5 | |
| 7857111861 | Language family | Collection of related languages with a common history with a "prehistoric" ancestor (most broad language category) | 6 | |
| 7857111862 | The language families | -indo-European -Sino-Tibetan -Afro-asiatic -Niger-Congo -austronesian -Dravidian (Altaic & Uralic, etc.) |  | 7 |
| 7857111863 | Indo-European | Largest language family- (Western Hemisphere, Europe, India) -English, German, Hindi, all the Romance languages, Russian, Farsi, Greek, Hindi | 8 | |
| 7857111864 | Sino-Tibetan | 2nd largest language family -mandarin, Thai; Cantonese, Burmese | 9 | |
| 7857111865 | Afro-asiatic | 3rd largest language family (tied with Niger-Congo) North Africa/ middle east -Arabic, Hebrew, Somali, Berber | 10 | |
| 7857111870 | Language Branch | Collection of related languages with a common "ancient" ancestor | 11 | |
| 7857111871 | Language Group | -common "modern" ancestor with similar vocabulary and grammar -ex. West Germanic vs. North Germanic -English is West Germanic | 12 | |
| 7857111872 | Individual Language | This final step of the Language classification -ex. English, German, Dutch, etc. | 13 | |
| 7857111873 | Give an example of the language classification of English | A. Indo-European→B. Germanic→C.West Germanic→D.English→E. Northern/Southern dialect, etc. | 14 | |
| 7857111874 | Dialect | "Regional" variation of a language Standard Language should really be called standard dialect | 15 | |
| 7857111875 | "Standard Language" | -Should really be called "Standard dialect" -well established & widely recognized as the most acceptable for the government, business, & mass communication -sets the quality, which is the matter of cultural identity and national concern | 16 | |
| 7857111876 | American vs. British English | -mostly lower/middle class immigrants left Britain to go to the newly-created United States not those speaking BRP -American English has different phrases/expressions b/c of new things experienced in America -Also, some words were borrowed from Native Americans -Because of time and isolation, due to written communication, pronunciation is considerably different (Time-Distance Decay!!) | 17 | |
| 7857111877 | Isogloss | word-usage boundary or map which shows regional variations & pronunciation | 18 | |
| 7857111878 | Mandarin | 1. World's most spoken 2. One of the oldest written languages 3. many dialects which are mutually unintelligible 1. Has highest % of people who speak it as a primary lang. (English=2nd place) | 19 | |
| 7857111879 | Official Language | In multilingual countries the language selected often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government | 20 | |
| 7857111880 | Languages of Africa | -Most are pre-literate (only spoken) -largest language family- Niger-Congo -Largest Branch- Bantu (Swahili) | 21 | |
| 7857111881 | Esperanto | -Language which was created as a project by L.L. Zamenhof in hopes to create a world language- late 19th century -an attempt to unify/globalize multilingual Europe | 22 | |
| 7857111882 | Lingua Franca | Language used when conducting business- facilitates international communication (any common language spoken by peoples with different native tongues) | 23 | |
| 7857111883 | Pidgin | NOT A LANGUAGE -created out of a mixture of other language as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues -simplified mixture/hybrid -learned as a 2nd language (NO NATIVE SPEAKERS) -AKA "contact language" -ex. "Chinglish" "Spanglish" "Konglish" -common in Caribbean region -English and African languages combine to form a pidgin English | 24 | |
| 7857111884 | Creole & Creolization | -A combination of languages that is stable over time AND has complex grammar and vocabulary -often a mix of dominant colonial language & an indigenous language EX: -Afrikaans- Dutch and Bantu languages in S. Africa -Gullah/Geechee- pidgin of English and W. African in Georgia and South Carolina -Jamaican Patois- English and W. African in Jamaica -French Creole- French/Spanish/African in Louisiana -Macanese- Cantonese/Portuguese/Sinhalese/Malay Can a Language be both a Creole and a Lingua Franca? Yes- Swahili for example | 25 | |
| 7857111885 | Pop vs. Folk Culture | Pop Culture- changes from time to time Folk Culture- changes from place to place | 26 | |
| 7857111886 | Pop Culture | -large dispersed groups -heterogeneous groups (ethnicities, religion, etc.) -found in higher level of development (MDCs) -changes quickly and often -dispersed- global scale -modern societies with large amounts of interaction with other -ex. Wearing jeans, driving a Honda, eating McDonald's, etc. | 27 | |
| 7857111887 | Folk Culture | -small, isolated groups -homogeneous groups (ethnicities, religions, etc.) -lower levels of economic development typically (LDCs) -resists & slow to change -traditional societies with little interaction with other groups -ex. wearing a Sari or Burka, driving a horse & buggy, eating different parts of an animal or eating insects | 28 | |
| 7857111888 | Cultural hearth of Pop Culture | -CORE/MDCs -From where do most movies people watch come from? Hollywood vs. Bollywood | 29 | |
| 7857111889 | Cultural Hearths of Folk Culture | In one or multiple hearths, often anonymously -ex. Who was the first Hula dancer in Hawaii? | 30 | |
| 7857111890 | Diffusion in Pop vs. Folk Culture | -Pop Culture- hierarchically- often through celebrities and major urban centers then goes to contagious diffusion (ex. movie premiers in NYC, LA, London, etc. -Folk Culture- Relocation, through physical movement of the people (ex. movement of the Amish to other parts of the United States) | 31 | |
| 7857111891 | How is local diversity sometimes maintained with folk culture? | -Isolation- keeps folks from changing too much hold on to traditional values, reject economic and culture imperialism of the West -Physical environment limits some choices of how people can survive (but remember, Possibilism!) | 32 | |
| 7857111892 | Custom | Any repetitive act of a group | 33 | |
| 7857111893 | More Pop culture characteristics... | -secular -individualistic (me not we) -more promiscuous -women's rights -provocative clothing -nuclear family (only direct family) -wood and brick homes -TV/Internet readily available | 34 | |
| 7857185439 | Agricultural Theory(Sedentary Farmer) | one theory of the diffusion of Indo-European Language; began in Central Turkey and spread 11 miles per generation (approx 25 years) because of agricultural technology (everyone learned Indo-European language in order to learn how to use the new technology); this theory agrees with the Renfrew (Anatolian) hypothesis | 35 | |
| 7857186591 | Conquest theory (Nomadic Warrior) | Theory that has the most support in the community and it also supports the Kurgan Hypothesis; believes that Indo-European began in Ukraine and the peoples settled in this area were the first to ride horses which allowed them to conquer other peoples easily thus spread Indo-European | 36 | |
| 7857214802 | Monolingual | societies that use one language ex: Japan, Venezuela, Portugal, Poland, and Iceland | 37 | |
| 7857222187 | Toponym | The study of names of places like towns, cities, states, countries, stadiums, streets etc. | 38 | |
| 7857224233 | isolated language | A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family | 39 |