AP Biology: Functional Groups Flashcards
Functional Groups for Quiz on 9/10/2014
AP Bio
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| 5142717320 | Hydroxyl: Structure |  | 0 | |
| 5142717321 | Hydroxyl: Name of Compound | Alcohols (their specific names usually end in -ol) | 1 | |
| 5142717322 | Hydroxyl: Example | Ethanol |  | 2 |
| 5142717323 | Hydroxyl:Functional Properties | -Is Polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom -Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars | 3 | |
| 5142717324 | Carbonyl: Structure |  | 4 | |
| 5142717325 | Carbonyl: Name of Compound | Ketones: if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton Aldehydes: if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton | 5 | |
| 5142717326 | Carbonyl: Example | Acetone (a ketone) Propanal (a aldehyde) |  | 6 |
| 5142717327 | Carbonyl: Functional Properties | -A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties (like acetone & propanal) -These two groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars: aldoses (containing aldehyde) & ketoses (containing a ketone) |  | 7 |
| 5142717328 | Carboxyl: Structure |  | 8 | |
| 5142717329 | Carboxyl: Name of Compound | Carboxylic Acids (or organic acids) | 9 | |
| 5142717330 | Carboxyl: Example | Acetic Acid |  | 10 |
| 5142717331 | Carboxyl: Funcational Properties | -Has acidic properties (source of hydrogen ions) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar (H leaves the OH) -Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion (here, specifically, the acetate ion) | 11 | |
| 5142717332 | Amino: Structure |  | 12 | |
| 5142717333 | Amino: Name of Compound | Amines | 13 | |
| 5142717334 | Amino: Example | Glycine |  | 14 |
| 5142717335 | Amino: Functional Properties | -Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms) -Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions | 15 | |
| 5142717336 | Sulfhydryl: Structure |  | 16 | |
| 5142717337 | Sulfhydryl: Name of Compounds | Thiols | 17 | |
| 5142717338 | Sulfhydryl: Example | Cysteine |  | 18 |
| 5142717339 | Sulfhydryl: Functional Properties | -Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure -Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. Straight hair can be "permanently" curled by shaping it around curlers, then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds | 19 | |
| 5142717340 | Phosphate: Structure |  | 20 | |
| 5142717341 | Phosphate: Name of Structure | Organic phosphates | 21 | |
| 5142717342 | Phosphate: Example | Glycerol phosphate |  | 22 |
| 5142717343 | Phosphate: Functional Properties | -Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2-- when at the end of a molecule; 1-- when located internally in a chain of phosphates) -Has the potential to react with water, releasing energy | 23 | |
| 5142717344 | Methyl: Structure |  | 24 | |
| 5142717345 | Methyl: Name of Compound | Methylated compounds | 25 | |
| 5142717346 | Methyl: Example | 2-methylhexane |  | 26 |
| 5142717347 | Methyl: Functional Properties | -Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes -Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function | 27 |