APES Friedland Chapter 4 Flashcards

9679601661	climate	the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time	0
9679601702	weather	the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed	1
9679601662	troposhpere	the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth's surface, extending approximately 16 km (10 mi)	2
9679601663	stratosphere	layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km (10-30 miles) above the surface of the Earth	3
9679601664	albedo	the percentage of incoming sunlight that is reflected from a surface	4
9679601665	saturation point	the maximum amount of water vapor that can be in the air at a given temperature	5
9679601666	adiabatic cooling	the process in which the decrease of atmospheric pressure allows rising air to expand in volume and lower it's temperature	6
9679601667	adiabatic heating	the process in which the increase of atmospheric pressure allows sinking air to decrease in volume and raise it's temperature	7
9679601703	latent heat release	the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water	8
9679601704	atmospheric convection current	global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the Earth	9
9679601668	Hadley Cell	the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees N and S	10
9679601669	intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)	the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge	11
9679601670	polar cells	a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60 degrees N and S and sinks at the poles, 90 N and S	12
9679601705	ferrell cell	convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells	13
9679601671	Coriolis Effect	the deflection of an objects path due to Earth's rotation	14
9679601672	gyres	large-scale patterns of water circulation that moves clockwise in the N Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the S Hemisphere	15
9679601673	upwelling	upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents	16
9679601674	thermohaline circulation	An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water	17
9679601675	el Nino; ENSO	a reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific	18
9679601676	rain shadow	a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side	19
9679601677	terrestrial biomes	geographic regions that have a particular combination of average annual temperature and annual precipitation and contain distinctive plant growth forms that are adapted to that climate	20
9679601706	aquatic biome	an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, an water flow	21
9679601678	tundra	a biome that is cold and treeless, with low-growing vegetation	22
9679601679	permafrost	an impermeable, permanently frozen layer that prevents water from draining and roots from penetrating	23
9679601680	boreal forest	a biome; are forests made up primarily of coniferous (cone-bearing) evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons	24
9679601681	temperate rainforest	a biome; moderate temperatures and high precipitation typify this biome	25
9679601682	temperate seasonal forest	a biome; warm summers and cold winters with over 1 m (39 inches) of precipitation annually	26
9679601683	shrubland; Chaparral	a biome; is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters	27
9679601684	Temperate Grassland/cold desert	a biome; cold, harsh winters and hot, dry summers characterize this biome	28
9679601685	Tropical Rainforest	a biome; are warm and wet, with little seasonal temperature variation	29
9679601686	Tropical Seasonal Forests; Savannahs	a biome; are marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons	30
9679601687	Subtropical Desets	a biome; also known as hot deserts; hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation prevail	31
9679601688	Littoral Zone	is the shallow area of soil and water near the shore where algae and emergent plants such as cattails grow	32
9679601689	Limnetic Zone	a zone of open water in lakes in ponds	33
9679601690	Phytoplankton	floating algae	34
9679601691	Profundal Zone	region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes	35
9679601692	Benthic Zone	the muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean	36
9679601707	oligotrophic	describes a lake with a low level of productivity	37
9679601708	mesotrophic	describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity	38
9679601709	eutrophic	describes a lake with a high level of productivity	39
9679601693	Freshwater Wetland	a biome; aquatic biomes that are submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation	40
9679601694	Salt Marsh	a biome; a marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates	41
9679601695	Mangrove Swamps	a biome; occur along tropical and subtropical coasts and contains salt-tolerant trees with roots submerged in water	42
9679601696	Intertidal Zone	the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide	43
9679601697	Coral Reefs	a biome; are found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline, represent Earth's most diverse marine biome	44
9679601698	Coral Bleaching	a phenomenon in which the algae inside the corals die which soon causes the corals to turn white	45
9679601710	open ocean	deep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom	46
9679601699	Photic Zone	the upper layer of water that receives enough sunlight to allow photosynthesis	47
9679601700	Aphotic Zone	the deeper layer of water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis	48
9679601701	Chemosythesis	process in which bacteria deep in the ocean use the bonds of methane and hydrogen sulfide to generate energy	49