APES Friedland Chapter 2 Flashcards

9679606062	matter	anything that occupies space and has mass	0
9679606063	mass	a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains	1
9679606064	atom	the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element	2
9679606065	element	a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components	3
9679606066	periodic table	a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties	4
9679606067	molecule	a particle that contains more than one atom	5
9679606068	compound	a molecule containing more than one element	6
9679606069	atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom	7
9679606070	mass number	a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element	8
9679606071	isotopes	atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons	9
9679606072	radioactive decay	the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes	10
9679606073	half-life	the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay	11
9679606074	covalent bond	the bond formed when elements share electrons	12
9679606075	ionic bond	a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions	13
9679606076	hydrogen bond	a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom or another molecule	14
9679606077	polar molecule	a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative	15
9679606078	energy	the ability to do work or transfer heat	16
9679606079	electromagnetic radiation	a form of energy emitted by the sun that includes but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy	17
9679606080	photon	a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light	18
9679606081	joule	the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second	19
9679606082	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	20
9679606083	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	21
9679606084	chemical energy	potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds	22
9679606085	temperature	the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance	23
9679606086	first law of thermodynamics	a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another	24
9679606087	second law of thermodynamics	a physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished	25
9679606088	energy efficiency	the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system	26
9679606089	energy quality	the ease with which an energy source can be used for work	27
9679606090	entropy	disorder/randomness in a system	28
9679606091	open system	a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.	29
9679606092	closed system	exchange of matter or energy does not occur across system boundaries. Ex: Matter on Earth continuously recycles	30
9679606093	output	a loss from a system	31
9679606094	input	an addition to a system	32
9679606095	system analysis	looks at inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions	33
9679606096	steady state	a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time	34
9679606097	feedback	adjustment to input or output caused by change	35
9679606098	negative feedback loops	a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring	36
9679606099	positive feedback loops	a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified	37
9679606100	weight	the force that results from gravity acting on mass	38
9679606101	surface tension	cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer	39
9679606102	capillary action	cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube	40
9679606103	conservation of matter	matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another	41
9679606104	organic compound	a compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds	42
9679606105	inorganic molecules	a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydroget	43
9679606106	power	rate at which work is done	44
9679606107	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	45
9679606108	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	46
9679606109	energy efficiency	the ratio of the amount of energy expended in the four you want to the total amount of energy that is included in the system	47
9679606110	open System	exchange of matter or energy occur across system boundaries	48
9679606111	natural law	phenomenon which has been rigorously tested and to which there are no known exceptions	49
9679606112	macromolecules	carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids	50
9679606113	acid	a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution	51
9679606114	base	a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution	52
9679606115	pH	the number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance	53
9679606116	chemical reaction	a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules	54
9679606117	carbohydrate	a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms	55
9679606118	protein	a critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids	56
9679606119	nucleic acid	organic compounds found in all living cells	57
9679606120	DNA	a nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring	58
9679606121	RNA	a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins	59
9679606122	lipid	a smaller organic biological molecule that does not mix with water	60
9679606123	cell	a highly organized living entity that consists of four types of macromolecules and other substances in a water solution, surrounded by a membrane	61