AP Biology Cells Review Flashcards

9695635970	endergonic reaction	reaction where energy is stored in chemical bonds	0
9695635971	exergonic reaction	reaction where energy is released from chemical bonds	1
9695635972	Prokaryotic Cells	Bacteria; no nucleus or organelles	2
9695635973	Eukaryotic cells	complex; have organelles	3
9695635974	Ribosome	2 subunits of rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis	4
9695635975	Golgi Body	Part of the endomembrane system; cis face receives materials, so that they can be modified and packaged; trans face releases vesicles	5
9695635976	Rough ER	aids in protein synthesis by altering the structure of proteins; contains ribosomes	6
9695635977	Smooth ER	site of lipid synthesis; involved in detoxification of cells	7
9695635978	Vacuoles	storage vesicles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	8
9695635979	Central Vacuole	When filled with water it maintains turgor pressure of plant cells; not found in animal cells	9
9695635980	Chloroplast	site of photosynthesis; only in plant cells; appear green due to the pigment chlorophyll which reflects green light	10
9695635981	mitochondria	found in BOTH plant and animal cells; site of cellular respiration whereby ATP is made	11
9695635982	lysosome	a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular food and/or waste	12
9695635983	nucleus	home of the genetic information (DNA)	13
9695635984	nucleolus	site of ribosome synthesis; found in the center of the nucleus	14
9695635985	chromatin	the form in which DNA is found within the nucleus during the majority of the cell cycle	15
9695635986	nuclear envelope	surrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow for communication with the rest of the cell, as well as, allowing for ribosomes to exit the nucleolus	16
9695635987	animals, plants, fungi, protista	eukaryotic	17
9695635988	bacteria	prokaryotic	18
9695635989	bacillus (plural: bacilli)	rod shaped bacteria	19
9695635990	coccus (plural: cocci)	round shaped bacteria	20
9695635991	spirillum (spirilla)	spiral shaped bacteria	21
9695635992	cell membrane	found in ALL cell types surrounding the cytoplasm and maintaining selective permeability	22
9695635993	cell wall	Found in plant, fungal, bacterial, and some prostist cells; rigid wall for protection and shape; regulates the cell's volume	23
9695635994	turgor pressure	exerted onto the cell wall in order to maintain rigid, upright, and erect plant cells and leaves (maximizing photosynthesis)	24
9695635995	photosynthesis	uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (which is given off as a byproduct)	25
9695635996	cellular respiration	conversion of glucose into ATP, water, and CO2; occurs in the mitochondria	26
9695635997	cytoskeleton	composed of protein filaments and microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and allow for cellular movement and structure	27
9695635998	centrioles	small structures composed of microtubules that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division	28
9695635999	flagella	long whip-like tails that allow for cell movement; found in sperm cells	29
9695636000	cilia	short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that wave back and forth allowing for cell movement; found within cells of the respiratory system	30
9695636001	pseudopodia	"false-feet;" extensions of the cytoplasm that move the cell membrane allowing for slow movement of cells; found in amoeba (protists)	31
9695636002	catabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby large molecules are broken down (ex: glycogen converted into many glucose monosaccharides)	32
9695636003	anabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby small molecules come together (as water is removed) to build large molecules (ex: amino acids coming together to create a protein)	33
9695636004	Gibbs Free Energy	Available energy to use for chemical reactions	34
9695636005	enthalpy	the total energy within a system	35
9695636006	entropy	a measure of the disorder within a system	36
9695636007	high entropy	A great amount of disorder; low available energy as it has been released from chemical bonds	37
9695636008	low entropy	a large amount of stored energy; an anabolic reaction has occurred	38
9695636009	osmosis	movement of water from high to low concentration through aquaporins	39
9695636010	diffusion	movement of solutes from high to low concentration across the phospholipid bilayer	40
9695636011	facilitated diffusion	movement of large and/or polar solutes from high to low concentration through a channel or carrier protein within the cell membrane	41
9695636012	carrier protein	allow for specific molecules to bind and cross the cell membrane	42
9695636013	channel protein	a ligand attaches to its binding site, modifying its shape allowing for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane	43
9695636014	ligand	chemical signals that begin the process of signal transduction	44
9695636015	amphipathic	molecules containing a polar and non-polar region; example: phospholipids	45
9695636016	phospholipid tails	the non-polar region of the cell membrane	46
9695636017	phospholipid heads	the polar regions of the cell membrane (facing the extracellular and intracellular areas)	47
9695636018	hydrophilic	polar	48
9695636019	hydrophobic	nonpolar	49
9695636020	cytoplasm	gel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended	50
9695636021	organelles	contain their own phospholipid bilayers within the cell	51
9695636022	passive transport	movement of molecules along or with the concentration gradient (high to low)	52
9695636023	active transport	movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)	53
9695636024	endocytosis	a vesicle forms along the cell membrane and pinches off within the cell - allowing for substances to enter	54
9695636025	phagocytosis	large, solid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	55
9695636026	pinocytosis	small, liquid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	56
9695636027	receptor-mediated endocytosis	receptors along the surface of the cell membrane allow for the binding of specific molecules, then causing a vesicle to form around them, bringing them into the cell	57
9695636028	protein kinase receptors	ligand binding causes a change in shape of the receptor protein, causing its catalytic domain to hydrolyze ATP, and then phosphorylate a target molecule. The target molecule then triggers other molecules within the cell to respond	58
9695636029	Cell signaling pathway	ligand binding(Reception) - stimulation of receptor(Transduction) - cellular response	59
9695636030	Ion channels	allow movement of charged molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane following the binding of a ligand	60
9695636031	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate	61
9695636032	isotonic environment	solute concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal	62
9695636033	hypertonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell	63
9695636034	hypotonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell	64
9695636035	result of a hypotonic environment	cytolysis (splitting of a cell)	65
9695636036	result of a hypertonic environment	plasmolysis (release of cytoplasm; cell shrinking)	66
9695636037	equilibrium	concentrations of water inside and outside of cell are equal	67
9695636038	effect of a cell being in equilibrium	water flows into and out of the cell in equal amounts	68
9695636039	peripheral proteins involved in cellular recognition	glycoproteins	69
9695636040	cholesterol	a lipid that helps to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane	70
9695636049	hypertonic		71
9695636050	hypotonic		72
9695636051	isotonic		73
9695636041	responsible for turgor pressure	hypotonic environment	74
9695636042	#2 in the picture	gap junctions; tunnels that allow for the transport of molecules between adjacent cells	75
9695636043	tight junctions	allow for NO transport of molecules between adjacent cells	76
9695636044	#3 in the picture	desmosomes; anchor adjacent cells together in order to create tissue	77
9695636045	plasmodesmata	cytoplasmic channels that allow for movement of molecules between adjacent PLANT cells	78
9695636046	autocrine signals	signals that only affect the cell from which it was released	79
9695636048	paracrine signals	affect cells nearby; involved in the inflammatory response (ex. when you cut or smash your finger it gets red, due to increased blood flow to the area)	80