AP Biology Evolution Flashcards
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| 9596036848 | Carolus Linnaeus | -physician and botanist who sought to classify life's diversity -binomial nomenclature (Homo sapien) -nested classification system, placing similar species into general characters | 0 | |
| 9596036849 | Fossils | -darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past) | 1 | |
| 9596036850 | Strata | -new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into layers of rock called strata -strata reveal the pattern of evolution that a species may take | 2 | |
| 9596036851 | Paleontology | -study of fossils, developed by Georges Cuvier 0noted that the older the stratum the more dissimilar fossils were to current life-forms -from one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -each boundary represented a sudden catastrophic event | 3 | |
| 9596036852 | Charles Lyell | -incorporated Hutton's thinking into his proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate | 4 | |
| 9596036853 | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | -found several lines of descent, a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species -use and disuse (giraffes' neck) | 5 | |
| 9596036854 | Wallace | -writes a paper with a similar hypothesis to Darwin based on the Malay archipelago | 6 | |
| 9596036855 | Darwin | -HMS beagle, interested in species in the galapagos (turtles, finches) | 7 | |
| 9596036856 | Artificial Selection | -modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits | 8 | |
| 9596036857 | Darwin's 2 Inferenences | -All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations | 9 | |
| 9596036858 | Homology | -similarity resulting from common ancestry | 10 | |
| 9596036859 | Homologous Structures | -represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor | 11 | |
| 9596036860 | Vestigal Structures | -remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors | 12 | |
| 9596036861 | Convergent Evolution | -independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists | 13 | |
| 9596036862 | Analogous | -species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancestry (different structure) | 14 | |
| 9596036863 | Biogeography | -scientific study of the geographic distributions of species | 15 | |
| 9596036864 | Phylogeny | -evolutionary history of a species or group of species | 16 | |
| 9596036865 | Systematics | -discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary realationships | 17 | |
| 9596036866 | Taxonomy | -study of how organisms are named and classifed | 18 | |
| 9596036867 | Order of Classification | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species | 19 | |
| 9596036868 | Sister Taxa | -groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor | 20 | |
| 9596036869 | Rooted | -branch point within the tree | 21 | |
| 9596036870 | Polytomy | -branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge | 22 | |
| 9596036871 | Analogy | -similarity due to convergent evolution | 23 | |
| 9596036872 | Homoplasies | -analogous structures that arose independently | 24 | |
| 9596036873 | Cladistic | -common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms | 25 | |
| 9596036874 | Clades | -each of which includes an ancestral species of all its descendants | 26 | |
| 9596036875 | Monophyletic | -signifying that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants |  | 27 |
| 9596036876 | Paraphyletic | -consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants |  | 28 |
| 9596036877 | Polyphyletic | -some of its members have different ancestors |  | 29 |
| 9596036878 | Shared Ancestral Character | -character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon | 30 | |
| 9596036879 | Shared Derived Character | -evolutionary novelty unique to a clade | 31 | |
| 9596036880 | Outgroup | -species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage including the species | 32 | |
| 9596036881 | Maximum Parsimony | -we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts | 33 | |
| 9596036882 | Molecular Clock | -an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some gens and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates | 34 | |
| 9596036883 | Microevolution | -a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations | 35 | |
| 9596036884 | Genetic Variation | -differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences | 36 | |
| 9596036885 | Population | -group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring | 37 | |
| 9596036886 | Gene Pool | -all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population | 38 | |
| 9596036887 | Hardy-Weinberg Conditions | -no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow | 39 | |
| 9596036888 | Genetic Drift | -chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another) | 40 | |
| 9596036889 | Founder Effect | -when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population | 41 | |
| 9596036890 | Bottleneck Effect | -a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles. | 42 | |
| 9596036891 | Gene Flow | -transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | 43 | |
| 9596036892 | Effects of Genetic Drift | -Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed | 44 | |
| 9596036893 | Adaptive Evolution | -NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more | 45 | |
| 9596036894 | Relative Fitness | -contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls | 46 | |
| 9596036895 | Directional Selection | -conditions father shifting traits to one extreme |  | 47 |
| 9596036896 | Disruptive Selection | -conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range |  | 48 |
| 9596036897 | Stabilizing Selection | -reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population |  | 49 |
| 9596036898 | Sexual Selection | -form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits | 50 | |
| 9596036899 | Sexual Dismorphism | -difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species | 51 | |
| 9596036900 | Intersexual Selection | -individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting mates | 52 | |
| 9596036901 | Neutral Variation | -differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage | 53 | |
| 9596036902 | Balancing Selection | -occurs when natural selection amintains two or more forms in a population | 54 | |
| 9596036903 | Heterozygote Selection | -individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes | 55 | |
| 9596036904 | Frequency Dependent Selection | -fitness of a phenotype depends on how commen it is | 56 | |
| 9596036905 | Natural Selection Constraints | 1. Selection can only act on existing variation 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints 3. Adaptations are often compromises 4. Chance, NS and the environment interact | 57 | |
| 9596036906 | Species (according to the biological species concept) | -group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring but do not | 58 | |
| 9596036907 | Macroevolution | -broad pattern of evolution above the species level | 59 | |
| 9596036908 | Reproductive Isolation | -existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring | 60 | |
| 9596036909 | Hybrid | -offspring from an interspecific mating | 61 | |
| 9596036910 | Prezygotic Barriers | -block fertilization from occuring | 62 | |
| 9596036911 | Postzygotic Barriers | -contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed | 63 | |
| 9596036912 | Prezygotic Barrier Examples | 1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG | 64 | |
| 9596036913 | Postzygotic Barrier Examples | 1. Reduced Hybrid Viability (hybrid survivabilty is reduced) 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility (mule) 3. Hybrid Breakdown (one hybrids mate with one another offspring of the next generation are feeble/sterile) VFB | 65 | |
| 9596036914 | Morphological Species Concept | -characterization of a species by body shape and other structural features | 66 | |
| 9596036915 | Ecological Species Concept | -species in terms of its ecological niche, the sum of how members interact with living and nonliving members of their enviorments | 67 | |
| 9596036916 | Phylogenetic Species Concept | -species is the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor | 68 | |
| 9596036917 | Allopatric Speciation + Evidence | -gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama | 69 | |
| 9596036918 | Sympatric Speciation | -speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area | 70 | |
| 9596036919 | Polyploidy | -species may originate from an accident during cell divison resulting in extra chromsomes | 71 | |
| 9596036920 | Autopolypoid | -individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from the same species | 72 | |
| 9596036921 | Allopolyploid | -various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. They can only mate with other allopolyploids not parents |  | 73 |
| 9596036922 | Hybrid Zone | -region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry | 74 | |
| 9596036923 | Fusion of Hybrid Zone | -the two species fuse | 75 | |
| 9596036924 | Stability of Hybrid Zone | -continued production of a hybrid individual | 76 | |
| 9596036925 | Reinforcement of Hybrid Zone | -strengthening or reproductive barriers--hybrids cease to be made | 77 | |
| 9596036926 | Punctuated Equilibria | -Eldrege and Gould coined this to descibed these patterns in the fossil record: perioids of apparent stastis (moment of stability) punctuated by suddenc hange | 78 | |
| 9596036927 | Radiometric Dating | -based on the decay or radioactive isotopes -radioactive "parent" isotopes decay to "daughter" isotopes at a characteristic rate called a HALF LIFE | 79 | |
| 9596036928 | Geologic Record | -a standard time scale that divides the Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions EON: Phanerozo(Mesozoic & Jurassic), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean |  | 80 |
| 9596036929 | Mass Extinction | -large numbers of a species become extinct world wide, caused by disruptive changes to the global enviroment | 81 | |
| 9596036930 | Adaptive Radiations | -periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities | 82 | |
| 9596036931 | Heterochromy | -evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events (Fetus-->Adult Skull) | 83 | |
| 9596036932 | Homeotic Genes | -master regulatory genes -determine basic features like the location of wings and legs on a bird -Hox genes provide information as to the positional information in an embryo | 84 | |
| 9596036933 | Hypothesis for creation of Earth's First Life | 1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, monomers 2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, polymers 3. Packaging of these molecules into protobiont cells- droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemsitry different than their surrondings 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible | 85 | |
| 9596036934 | Ribozyme | -RNA can perform many enzyme like, catalytic functions | 86 | |
| 9596036935 | Endosymbiosis | A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. | 87 |