AP Learning Terms Flashcards

9595336181	learning	relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice	0
9595347019	acquisition	formation of a learned association	1
9595351827	extinction	process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus by presenting the CS repeatedly without pairing it with the UCS	2
9595364981	spontaneous recovery	reappearance of the stimulus-response	3
9595372860	generalization	response to another stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus	4
9595380013	discrimination	response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned	5
9595383335	classical conditioning	(Pavlov) a type of learning that links a neutral stimulus to another stimulus that elicits a natural or involuntary response in a given organism US= unconditioned stimulus, UR= unconditioned response, CS= conditioned stimulus (formerly a neutral stimulus), CR= conditioned response US = UR US + CS = UR CS = CR	6
9595412515	unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS)	any stimulus that elicits (produces or causes) an autonomic/automatic/reflexive response in an organism	7
9595420691	unconditioned response (UR, UCR)	behavior that is a reflex or autonomic response (e.g., blinking of the eyes, nausea, muscle tension, salivation, blood pressure or heart rate increase, or other physical response)	8
9595433331	conditioned response (CR)	behavior that is considered a reflex or autonomic response, now paired with a CS; anything that can be considered a UR can become a CR after being paired with a CS	9
9595441527	conditioned stimulus	neutral stimulus paired with the US that becomes part of a new stimulus-response association (e.g., anything that we can perceive, hear, smell, feel, see, or taste)	10
9595457051	aversive conditioning	type of conditioning that pairs a noxious/unpleasant/sickness-inducing stimulus (CS) with an undesirable behavior to condition the individual to not continue the undesirable behavior/habit	11
9595471293	second-order or higher-order conditioning	classical conditioning with an extra stimulus	12
9595472994	taste aversion	a unique conditioned aversion that is accomplished rapidly by a single pairing of an illness or symptoms such as nausea with eating a specific food, even though the specific food is not the actual cause	13
9595486812	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is modified by subsequent consequences	14
9595491841	law of effect	states that any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, while any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be reduced or stopped	15
9595499796	instrumental learning	another term for operant conditioning or Skinnerian conditioning	16
9595508645	reinforcer, reinforcement	a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (examples: food, water, a hug, payment, praise)	17
9595517493	positive reinforcement	addition of a pleasant stimulus/consequence to increase behavior	18
9595521339	negative reinforcement	removal of an aversive stimulus to increase behavior	19
9595525010	punishment	a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (examples: slap or punch, traffic ticket, exclusion from group, confiscation of phone)	20
9595533173	positive punishment	addition of an aversive stimulus/consequence to reduce behavior	21
9595537022	negative punishment	removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior	22
9595544102	omission training	removing positive reinforcement as a result of unwanted/undesirable behavior	23
9595551505	shaping	technique using a series of positive reinforcements to create more complex behavior	24
9595557398	chaining	a process that can be used after specific simple behaviors have been taught to combine learned behaviors	25
9595566668	primary reinforcers	an innately valued reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (e.g., food, drink, or pleasure)	26
9595573686	secondary reinforcers	conditioned reinforcement learned through association (example: money and good grades, good baseball game and ice cream)	27
9595582984	generalized reinforcers	a conditioned reinforcer that is backed up by many other sources of reinforcement (example: money)	28
9595601419	token economy	tokens are earned for desirable behaviors and exchanged for rewards like using a computer, playing video games, eating desirable food; used in institutional settings such as prisons, psychiatric hospitals, or schools	29
9595621644	reinforcement schedules	know fixed interval, ratio interval, fixed ratio, variable ration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLx5yl0sxeM&disable_polymer=true	30
9595673987	continuous reinforcement	occurs when every instance of a desired behavior that occurs is reinforced	31
9595676936	partial-reinforcement effect	not reinforcing a response every time (more common type of reinforcement) results in slower acquisition of response but greater resistance to extinction	32
9595687348	instinctive drift	reversion to natural behavior (despite conditioning, usually referring to the conditioning of animals)	33
9595703230	observational learning or modeling	people learn behaviors by watching and mimicking others	34
9595717205	latent learning	learning that is not exhibited when first acquired; one can learn something without showing the behavior right away	35
9595725789	insight learning	(Wolfgang Kohler) the term for a sudden realization that "just came to you" of how to solve a problem the first time you are exposed to it	36
9595736872	Premack Principle	a person will perform a less desirable activity in order to perform the more desirable activity as a consequence	37
9595742246	Ivan Pavlov	1849-1936 provided environmental support for the views of behaviorists; studied digestion and salivary reflexes in dogs; uncovered classical conditioning and associative learning in his research	38
9595757353	John Watson	1878-1958 founded the psychological field of behaviorism "give me a dozen infants..." Little Albert experiment	39
9595762069	Rosalie Raynor	research psychologist; carried out Little Albert experiment with John B. Watson (and married him)	40
9595779291	John Garcia	1917-2012 discovered the principle of taste aversion (also referred to as Garcia effect)	41
9595794103	Robert Koelling	worked with John Garcia on taste aversion experiments	42
9595799809	Edward Thorndike	1874-1949 contributed the law of effect tested laws of learning using a "puzzle box" with cats and pieces of fish	43
9595811097	B.F. Skinner	1904-1990 continued on as leader in behaviorism field after Watson considered founder of modern behavioral perspective discovered operant conditioning Skinner box	44
9595820337	Robert Rescorla	1840 to present research psychologist who specializes in animal learning and behaviors (behavioral neuroscience, memory and learning) and associative learning processes	45
9595840373	Albert Bandura	1925 to present behavioral psychology and social cognitive theory social learning theory Bobo doll experiments	46
9595853676	Edward Tolman	1886-1959 research led to concept of latent learning research findings: 1. learning can take place in an organism without the presence of a reinforcer 2. organisms that display latent learning have formed a cognitive map	47
9595863096	Wolfgang Kohler	1887-1967 co-founded school of Gestalt psychology demonstrated insight learning	48
9595882837	learned helplessness	a mental state in which an organism continues to experience a painful, unpleasant, aversive stimulus and do nothing to change because they have learned that they have no ability to change the outcome	49