APES - Agriculture Flashcards

5966857944	malnourished	Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals	0
5966857945	food security	A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life	1
5966857946	food insecurity	A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food	2
5966857947	famine	The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a short period of time	3
5966857948	anemia	A deficiency in iron	4
5966857949	overnutrition	Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods	5
5966857950	meat	Livestock or poultry consumed as food	6
5966857951	Industrial agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	7
5966857952	energy subsidy	The energy input per calorie of food produced	8
5966857953	Green Revolution	A shift in agriculture in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop variates, and resulted in increased food output	9
5966857954	economies of scale	The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.	10
5966857955	waterlogging	A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods	11
5966857956	salinization	A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentration on the soil surface through evaportation	12
5966857957	organic fertilizers	Fertilizers composed of organic matter from plants and animals	13
5966857958	inorganic fertilizers	Synthetic fertilizers; fertilizers produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels	14
5966857959	monocropping	An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species	15
5966857960	pesticide	A substances, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests	16
5966857961	insecticides	A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertabrates	17
5966857962	herbicides	A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops	18
5966857963	broad-spectrum pesticides	A pesticide that kills many different types of pests	19
5966857964	persistent	The length of time a chemical remains in the environment	20
5966857965	bioaccumulation	An increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time	21
5966857966	nonpersistent pesticide	A pesticide that breaks does rapidly, usually in weeks or months	22
5966857967	resistant	In terms of pesticides, the ability of the targeted pest to survive	23
5966857968	pesticide treadmill	A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development	24
5966857969	conventional agriculture	industrial agriculture	25
5966857970	shifting agriculture	An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients	26
5966857971	desertification	The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use such as overgrazing	27
5966857972	nomadic grazing	Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances	28
5966857973	sustainable agriculture	Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability to the farmer	29
5966857974	intercropping	An agricultural technique in which two or more crop species are plated in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction	30
5966857975	crop rotation	An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season	31
5966857976	agroforestry	An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped	32
5966857977	contour plowing	An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land	33
5966857978	no-till agriculture	An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing soil erosion	34
5966857979	integrated pest management (IPM)	An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed o minimize pesticide inputs	35
5966857980	organic agriculture	Productions of crops with the goal of improving the soil each year without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers	36
5966857981	concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)	A large outdoor space used to raise animals at very high densities	37
5966857982	fishery	A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region	38
5966857983	fishery collapse	The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more	39
5966857984	bycatch	The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing	40
5966857985	individual transferable quotas (ITQs)	A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell	41
5966857986	aquaculture	Farming aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds	42
5966857987	annual plants	A plant that only lives one season	43
5966857988	perennial plants	A plant that lives for multiple years	44