Chapter 2 - AP Biology Flashcards

7332840871	Matter	anything that takes up space and has mass	0
7332840872	Element	any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance	1
7332840873	Compound	a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio	2
7332840874	Trace Elements	an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts	3
7332840875	Atom	the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element	4
7332840876	Neutron	an electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom	5
7332840877	Electron	a subatomic particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom	6
7332840878	Proton	a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom	7
7332840879	Atomic Nucleus	an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons	8
7332840880	Atomic Number	the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol	9
7332840881	Atomic Mass; Atomic Weight	the total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom	10
7332840882	Mass Number	the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus	11
7332840883	Dalton	a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles	12
7332840884	Isotope	one of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass	13
7332840885	Radioactive Isotope	an isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy	14
7332840886	Energy	the capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)	15
7332840887	Energy Levels	the different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom	16
7332840888	Potential Energy	the energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement	17
7332840889	Electron Shell	an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom	18
7332840890	Valence Shell	the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom	19
7332840891	Valence Electrons	the electrons in the outermost electron shell	20
7332840892	Orbital	the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time	21
7332840893	Molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	22
7332840894	Single Bond	a chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms	23
7332840895	Chemical Bond	an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells	24
7332840896	Double Bond	a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms	25
7332840897	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms	26
7332840898	Polar Covalent Bond	the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive	27
7332840899	Valence	the bonding capacity of an atom generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell	28
7332840900	Electronegativity	the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	29
7332840901	Cation	an ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons	30
7332840902	Anion	a negatively charged ion	31
7332840903	Ion	an atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge	32
7332840904	Ionic Bond	a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions	33
7332840905	Ionic Compound	compounds resulting from the formation of ionic bonds; a salt	34
7332840906	Hydrogen Bond	a type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule	35
7332840907	Structural Formula	a type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds	36
7332840908	Molecular Formula	a type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms	37
7332840909	van der Waals interactions	weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations	38
7332840910	Chemical Reactions	a process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds	39
7332840911	Reactant	a starting material in a chemical reaction	40
7332840912	Product	an ending material in a chemical reaction	41
7332840913	Chemical Equilibrium	in a reverse chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction	42