AP Psych Unit 6 Flashcards

6523435996	Learning	A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.	0
6523453460	Habituation	Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	1
6523456661	Associative learning	Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	2
6523462470	Classical conditioning	A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.	3
6523471892	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that (2)studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
6523479367	Unconditioned response	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
6523484084	Unconditioned stimulus	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response	6
6523487981	Conditioned response	In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus	7
6523508074	Conditioned stimulus	In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.	8
6523512465	Acquisition	In classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	9
6523516138	Higher-order conditioning	A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.	10
6523520875	Extinction	The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced	11
6523528156	Spontaneous recovery	The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
6523529863	Generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	13
6523538212	Discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
6523542771	Learned helplessness	The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.	15
6523552237	Respondent behavior	Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
6523574251	Operant conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	17
6523579225	Operant behavior	Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	18
6523582324	Law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.	19
6523596806	Operant chamber	In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer	20
6523603664	Shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.	21
6523614380	discriminative stimulus	In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement.	22
6523621419	Reinforcer	In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	23
6523633889	Positive reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	24
6525190660	Negative reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.	25
6525197258	Primary reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.	26
6525201729	Conditioned reinforcer	A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.	27
6525206556	Continuous reinforcement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
6525214945	partial(intermittent) reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
6525237514	Fixed-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number or responses.	30
6525275777	Variable-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.	31
6525283999	Fixed-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
6525290589	Variable-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
6525301261	Punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
6525307106	Cognitive map	A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned this	35
6525313486	Latent learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.	36
6525320024	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	37
6525329338	Intrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
6525335909	Extrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.	39
6525340153	Biofeedback	A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or musical tension.	40
6525348091	Observational learning	Learning by observing others. Also called social learning.	41
6525351773	Modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	42
6525355973	Mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.	43
6525361548	Prosocial behavior	Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	44