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APES Friedland CH 17 Flashcards

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9520093445DiseaseAny impaired function of the body with a characteristic set of symptoms.0
9520093446Infectious DiseasesCaused by pathogens1
9520093447Chronic DiseasesSlowly impair the functioning of a person's body2
9520093448Acute DiseasesRapidly impair the functioning of a person's body.3
9520093449EpidemicPathogen causes a rapid increase in disease4
9520093450PandemicEpidemic over a large area5
9520093451PlagueMost familiar historical disease. Transmitted by flea bites or fleas on rodents. Swollen glands, black spots on skin, and extreme pain.6
9520093452MalariaCaused by mosquitoes. Flu-like symptoms. Eradicated from US because of widespread mosquito killing with pesticides like DDT.7
9520093453TuberculosisInfects lungs, airborne when someone coughs. Infected may not show symptoms. Cured with antibiotics, but when people don't take for full amount of time, drug resistant strains form.8
9520093454Emergent Infectious DiseasesInfectious diseases that were previously not described or have not been common prior to the past 20 years.9
9520093455AIDS/HIVSTD and through sharing blood and needles. Weakens immune system.10
9520093456Ebola Hemorrhagic FeverHigh death rate of infected. Fever, vomited, internal and external bleeding.11
9520093457Mad Cow DiseaseCaused by prions. Loss of coordination, brain damage then death.12
9520093458PrionsUsually useful proteins in a cows brain that can mutate into harmful pathogens.13
9520093459Bird FluH1N1. From close contact with birds.14
9520093460West Nile VirusTransmitted among birds by mosquitoes. Spread to humans by mosquitoes. Inflammation of brain.15
9520093461NeurotoxinsChemicals that disrupt nervous systems.16
9520093462CarcinogensChemicals that cause cancer.17
9520093463MutagensCarcinogens that cause damage to genetic material of a cell.18
9520093464TeratogensChemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses.19
9520093465AllergensChemicals that cause allergic reactions.20
9520093466Endocrine DisruptorsChemicals that interfere with normal functioning of hormones.21
9520093467LeadPaint, gas. Neurotoxin. Impaired learning, nervous system disorders, death22
9520093468MercuryCoal burning, fish consumption. Neurotoxin. Damaged brain, kidneys, liver, and immune system.23
9520093469ArsenicMining, groundwater. Carcinogen. Cancer24
9520093470AsbestosBuilding materials. Carcinogen. Impaired breathing, lung cancer.25
9520093471PCBsIndustry. Carcinogen. Cancer, impaired learning, liver damage.26
9520093472RadonSoil, water. Carcinogen. Lung cancer.27
9520093473Vinyl ChlorideIndustry, water from vinyl chloride pipes. Carcinogen. Cancer.28
9520093474AlcoholAlcoholic beverages. Teratogen. Fetuses with reduced fetal growth, brain and nervous system damage.29
9520093475AtrazineHerbicide. Endocrine disruptor. Feminization of males, low sperm count.30
9520093476DDTInsecticide. Endocrine Disruptor. Feminization of males, thin eggshells of birds.31
9520093477PhthalatesPlastics, cosmetics. Endocrine disruptors. Feminization of males.32
9520093478Dose Response StudiesExpose plants or animals to different amounts of a chemical and then observe a variety of possible responses including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction.33
9520093479Acute StudiesShort studies such as dose response.34
9520093480LD50Lethal dose that kills 50 percent of population.35
9520093481Sublethal effectsEffects that aren't death from a chemical.36
9520093482ED50Effective dose that harms 50 percent of population.37
9520093483Safe Amount of chemical for animalsLD50/10038
9520093484Safe Amount of chemical for humansLD50/100039
9520093485Chronic StudiesLonger duration studies.40
9520093486EpidemiologyField of science that strives to understand the causes of illness and disease in human and wildlife populations41
9520093487Retrospective StudiesMonitor people who have been exposed to a chemical sometime in the past.42
9520093488Prospective StudiesMonitor people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future.43
9520093489Synergistic InteractionsTwo risks together would cause more harm than one individually.44
9520093490Routes of ExposureWays an individual might come into contact with a chemical45
9520093491SolubilityHow well a chemical can dissolve in a liquid.46
9520093492BiomagnificationIncrease in the increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain.47
9520093493PersistanceHow long the chemical remains in the environment.48
9520093494Environmental HazardAnything in environment that can cause harm.49
9520093495Risk AssessmentIdentify the hazard, characterize toxicity, determine extent of exposure.50
9520093496Risk AcceptanceDetermine level of acceptable risk, balanced against social, economic, and political considerations.51
9520093497Risk ManagementDetermine policy with input from private citizens, industry, and interest groups.52
9520093498Innocent Until Proven Guilty PrincipleBased on philosophy that a potential hazard should not be considered a hazard until scientific data can demonstrate harm. Allows introduction more quickly, but can harm environment and people for a long time before evidence exists.53
9520093499Precautionary PrincipleBased on philosophy that when a hazard is plausible but not yet certain we should take actions to reduce or remove the hazard. Fewer chemicals enter environment but reduce financial motivation to invest in chemical research.54
9520093500Stockholm ConventionProduced list of 12 chemicals to be banned, phased out, or reduced. Including DDT and PCBs.55
9520093501REACHEstablished Precautionary Principle in Europe.56
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