AP Biology: Chapter 18 Flashcards
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| 6313748852 | Feedback Inhibition | - The product acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the 1st enzyme in tryptophan pathway but this is wasteful production of enzymes | 0 | |
| 6313748853 | Gene Regulation | - Don't block the enzyme's function, block transcription of genes for all enzymes in tryptophan pathway - Saves energy by not wasting it on unnecessary protein synthesis | 1 | |
| 6313748854 | Operon | - Genes grouped together with related functions | 2 | |
| 6313748855 | Promoter | - RNA polymerase binding site - Controls transcription of all genes in the operon - Transcribed as one unit and a single mRNA is made | 3 | |
| 6313748856 | Operator | - DNA binding site of repressor proteins | 4 | |
| 6313748857 | Repressor Operon | - Binds to DNA at the operator site - Blocking RNA polymerase - Blocks transcription - Similar to how a skateboard stops on a curb - ANABOLIC pathways (build) - Synthesizing end products - Cell allocates excess resources to other uses |  | 5 |
| 6313748858 | Inducible Operon | - CATABOLIC pathways (destroy) - Digesting nutrients to simpler molecules - Produce enzymes only when nutrients are available - Cell avoids making proteins that have nothing to do, allocates resources |  | 6 |
| 6313748859 | DNA Packing | - DNA coiling and folding - Degree of packing regulates transcription - No transcription, genes off - Wrapped histones - Double helix - Nucleosomes (beads on a string) - Chromatin fiber - Looped domains - Chromosome |  | 7 |
| 6313748860 | DNA Methylation | - Blocks transcription factors and genes turned off - Attachment of methyl groups to cytosine - Nearly permanent inactivation of genes - Ex: Barr body | 8 | |
| 6313748862 | Transcription Initiation | - Controls regions of DNA - Promoter closely controls DNA sequence and binding of RNA polymerase/ transcription factors (base rate) - Enhancer distantly controls DNA sequences and binds to activator proteins (high rate) | 9 | |
| 6313748863 | Post Transcriptional Control | - Alternative RNA splicing - Variable processing of exons creates a family of proteins | 10 | |
| 6313748864 | Regulation of mRNA Degradation | - Life span of mRNA determines amount of protein synthesis | 11 | |
| 6313748865 | RNA Interference siRNA | - Short segments of RNA - Binds to mRNA - Creates sections of double stranded mRNA - Death tag for mRNA (Degration) - Causes gene silencing - Post transcriptional control - Turns off genes because no proteins are produced | 12 | |
| 6313748866 | Control of Translation | - Blocks initiation of translation stage - Regulatory protein attaches to the 5 end of mRNA - Prevents the attachment of ribosomal subunits and initiator tRNA - Blocks translation of mRNA protein | 13 | |
| 6313748869 | Proteasome | - Protein Degrading Machine - Waste disposer - Breaks down any proteins into 7-9 amino acid fragments - Cellular recycling | 14 | |
| 6313748870 | A mutation that makes the regulatory gene of an inducible operon nonfunctional would result in | - continuous transcription of the operon's genes. | 15 | |
| 6313748871 | A mutation that inactivates the regulator gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in | - continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. | 16 |