AP Pysch chapter 3 Flashcards
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| 5123840960 | Nervous tissue | the basic hardware in the nervous system | 0 | |
| 5123844477 | Neuronsn | Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information | 1 | |
| 5123849208 | Neurons | are the basic links that permit communication within the nervous system | 2 | |
| 5123849784 | Soma (cell body) | contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells | 3 | |
| 5123852844 | 1. Receives sensory input 2. process info and integrate with prior experiences 3. output to guide our actions | Functions of neurons | 4 | |
| 5123856501 | Dendrites | the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information | 5 | |
| 5123857741 | Parts of a neuron |  | 6 | |
| 5123860487 | Myelin sheath | an insulation material that encases some axons and speeds up the transmission of signals that move along axons | 7 | |
| 5123865917 | terminal buttons | small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters | 8 | |
| 5123869095 | synapse | a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another | 9 | |
| 5123870343 | synaptic cleft | space between neurons | 10 | |
| 5123871982 | Glia | cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons (stimulate growth, repair, damage, and keep them in place) | 11 | |
| 5123879144 | Resting potenial | a stable negative charge when the cell is inactive | 12 | |
| 5123882229 | Action potential | a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon | 13 | |
| 5123886959 | absolute refractory period | the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin | 14 | |
| 5123895461 | the presynaptic neuron | what are chemical messages released by? | 15 | |
| 5123897791 | the postsynaptic neuron | neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the dendrites of this like a lock and key | 16 | |
| 5123904467 | neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another | 17 | |
| 5123907180 | Excitatory postsynaptic potential | postsynaptic neuron fries an action potential | 18 | |
| 5123909649 | inhibitory postsynaptic potential | postsynaptic neuron does not fire an action potential (polarized) | 19 | |
| 5123915191 | postsynaptic potential | a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane | 20 | |
| 5123918383 | Reuptake | neurotransmitters are "recycled" by the presynaptic neuron | 21 | |
| 5123922779 | Neurotransmitters | Plays a key role in everything from muscle movement to moods and mental health | 22 | |
| 5123933436 | Agonist | mimics a neurotransmitter ( binds to receptor to activate) | 23 | |
| 5123936327 | Antagonist | Blocks receptor sites, preventing neurotransmitters to activate) | 24 | |
| 5123938805 | Acetylcholine | memory, muscle memory, used by parasympathetic nervous system | 25 | |
| 5123945705 | dopamine | initiation of voluntary movement, experience of pleasure (reward pathway) | 26 | |
| 5123948510 | Parkinsons | Deficiency of dopamine | 27 | |
| 5123950741 | Schizophrenia/addiction | Excess of dopamine | 28 | |
| 5123952701 | Norepinephrine | used by sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight) arousal and aertness | 29 | |
| 5123959163 | Depression | Deficiency of Norepinephrine | 30 | |
| 5123959164 | Anxiety | excess of Norepinephrine | 31 | |
| 5123963449 | Serotonin | Mood, sleep, appetite | 32 | |
| 5123967950 | Depression | Deficiency of serotonin | 33 | |
| 5123968564 | Mania | Excess of serotonin | 34 | |
| 5123970079 | bipolar | Fluctuation of serotonin | 35 | |
| 5123972536 | GABA | Neurotransmitter that Inhibits or reduces the activity of cells (sleep) (Don't fire action potentials) | 36 | |
| 5123976564 | Huntington disease | Deficiency of GABA | 37 | |
| 5123977143 | Glutamate | Excitatory ( fire) neurotransmitter; strengthens neural connections=learning | 38 | |
| 5123984566 | Endorphins | Neurotransmitter that reduces pain | 39 | |
| 5123988436 | somatic nervous system | voluntary muscle movement | 40 | |
| 5123991082 | afferent nerve fibers | Brings in sensory information from the environment and sends it to the brain | 41 | |
| 5123993873 | Efferent nerve fibers | Carries info from the brain to muscles to guide our actions | 42 | |
| 5123997603 | Autonomic nervous system | controns involuntary processes (organs and glands) heart rate, blood pressure, breathing | 43 | |
| 5124003879 | sympathetic nervous system | fight or flight response prepares body for action (increases activity) | 44 | |
| 5124007550 | Parasympathetic nervous system | Conserves boys resources, calms body back down | 45 | |
| 5124009863 | Spinal cord | sends info to and from the brain | 46 | |
| 5124013369 | reflexes | quick, involuntary, response/action | 47 | |
| 5124016487 | Neurons to spinal cord to brain to spinal cord to guide actions via efferent neurons | traditional route | 48 | |
| 5124026486 | sensory input via afferent neurons to spinal cord to guide action via efferent neurons spinal chord to brain | Reflexes response | 49 | |
| 5124027858 | Electroencephalograph (EEG) | attach electrodes to scalp,monitor electrical brain activity (brain waves/voltage) | 50 | |
| 5124029157 | Lesioning | Destroying brain tissue (electrode used to burn tissue and disable the structure) | 51 | |
| 5124030766 | Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) | stimulate (activate) a brain structure with weak electric current | 52 | |
| 5124033671 | transcriptional magnetic stimulation (TMS) | temporary enhancement or depression of activity in a specific area of the brain (using magnetic coil on a small paddle) | 53 | |
| 5124036046 | Computed tomography (CT/CAT) scan | x-ray of brain structure (horizontal slice.. many angles put together) | 54 | |
| 5124039751 | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | usus magnetic fields and radio waves to map out brain structure (shows tissue) | 55 | |
| 5124043163 | Functional MRI | Monitors blood flow and oxygen in the brain to identify areas (structures) of high activity (real time, kind of like movies) | 56 | |
| 5124047223 | Position emission tomography (PET) | inject small amt. of radioactive material to monitor chemical activity in different areas of the brain | 57 | |
| 5124050758 | Medula | hindbrain-unconcious ital functions (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing ect) | 58 | |
| 5124052370 | pons | sleeping and dreaming | 59 | |
| 5124053071 | cerebellum | coordination and balance | 60 | |
| 5124055842 | Reticular formation | a network of cells that controls alertness, arousal, and attention | 61 | |
| 5124056772 | Locus coeruleus | (nucleus within reticular formation) stress and panic responses | 62 | |
| 5124060598 | substantia nigra and striatum | initiation of movement | 63 | |
| 5124061568 | thalamus | central relay station for all senses except smell | 64 | |
| 5124062280 | hypothalamus | biological drives (hunger, thirst,sex) | 65 | |
| 5124063642 | limbic system | emotional center | 66 | |
| 5124064769 | hippocampus | formation of new memories | 67 | |
| 5124067497 | amygdala | emotional reactions (especially fear and anger) (olfactory bulb and pituitary gland too) | 68 | |
| 5124071220 | cerebral hemispheres | right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body | 69 | |
| 5124074445 | corpus callosum | bundle of fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres (allows both halves to communicate) | 70 | |
| 5124078317 | occipital lobe | contains visual cortex (vision/sight) | 71 | |
| 5124079241 | parietal lobe | contains sensory cortex touch sensations (pressure,temperature, pain) | 72 | |
| 5124085086 | temporal lobe | contains auditory cortex (hearing) | 73 | |
| 5124086257 | motor cortex | movement | 74 | |
| 5124088850 | prefrontal cortex | higher order thinking/executive functioning (decision making, planning,organization) personality | 75 | |
| 5124092950 | Mirror neurons | neurons that fire when we watch others perform actions | 76 | |
| 5124107675 | neurogenesis | formation of new neurons | 77 | |
| 5124108633 | plasticity | the ability of the brain to strengthen existing neural connections and form new connections (ability to re-wire the brain) | 78 | |
| 5124114496 | Left hemisphere | controls the right side of the body, speech, language,logic,analysis,and mathematical skills | 79 | |
| 5124117408 | broca's area | located in left frontal lobe physical production of speech and language | 80 | |
| 5124119883 | wernickes area | located in temporal lobe comprehension and interpretation of speech and language | 81 | |
| 5124121859 | Right hemisphere | controls left side of body, nonverbal creative and artistic, spatial/patterns and facial recognition, emotion | 82 | |
| 5124130586 | Split-brain | severed corpus callous right+ left hemisphere can no longer communicate | 83 | |
| 5124133902 | Endocrine system | glands that secrete chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream and absorbed by organs and glands throughout the body | 84 | |
| 5124136189 | hormones | chemicals released by the endocrine system into the bloodstream | 85 | |
| 5124137000 | pituitary gland | masterglad (growth and development) | 86 | |
| 5124140321 | oxytocin | hormone regulating reproductive behaviors (as well as trust, bonding,cooperation, empathy) ( the love hormone) (reduces stress) | 87 | |
| 5124147688 | Chromosomes | strands of DNA that carry genetic info | 88 | |
| 5124147689 | Zygote | fertilized egg (1st 2 weeks) DNA is assembled | 89 | |
| 5124149214 | genes | DNA segments (carry hereditary info) | 90 | |
| 5124153027 | Homozygous | 2 of the same genes | 91 | |
| 5124154677 | Heterozygous | 2 genes in a pair of genes that are different | 92 | |
| 5124156141 | Dominant | overrides the other (recessive gene) expressed in the heterozygous condition | 93 | |
| 5124157857 | Recessive | gene that smashed in the heterozygous condition | 94 | |
| 5124159509 | genotype | a persons genetic makeup | 95 | |
| 5124161184 | phenotype | what we see in, how a person looks in observation | 96 | |
| 5124162261 | polygenetic inheritance | characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes (Skin color) | 97 | |
| 5124167096 | Genetic mapping | the process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on a specific chromosomes | 98 | |
| 5124170856 | Epigenetics | involves understanding how how genetics are controlled by factors other than an individuals DNA sequence ( how does nurture affect nature) | 99 | |
| 5124144731 | Chromosomes | 100 |