Ap Biology Chapter 39 Flashcards

5036665194	Etiolation	The morphological adaptation for growing in darkness	0
5036675534	De-Etiolation	When a potato is exposed to light it grows roots and lives normally	1
5036687465	Phosphorylation	Turns on/off proteins	2
5036689671	Hormones	Chemical signals that coordinate different parts of an organism	3
5036695673	Tropism	Any response resulting in the curvature of organs toward or away from a stimulus	4
5036703639	Phototropism	A plant bending towards sunlight	5
5036711790	Auxin	The chemical that causes cell elongation	6
5036722443	Auxin uses	Forms roots, acts as an herbicide, and induces growth	7
5036729745	Expansins	Enzymes that loosen the wall's fabric	8
5036733869	Acid growth hypothesis	Auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane which lowers the ph in the cell wall	9
5036741084	Cytokinins	Stimulates cytokinesis (cell division)	10
5036758317	Apical dominance	One trunk (the terminal bud growth)	11
5036772546	Height growth	Caused by auxin inhibiting branch growth	12
5036778206	Branch growth	Caused by cytokinis	13
5036781062	Giberellins	Stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination	14
5036829263	Brassinosteriods	Chemically similar to sex hormones of animals	15
5036834386	Abscisic acid (ABA)	Slows growth (seed dormancy and drought tolerance)	16
5036840795	Ethylene	A response from plants due to drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, and infection (fruit ripening too)	17
5036849524	Drought tolerance	ABA accumulates in leaves to close gaurd cells in the stomata	18
5036855385	Triple response	Ethylene allows a growing shoot to avoid obstacles, the more ethylene, the more it bends	19
5036876460	Senescence	The programmed death of plant cells/organs with ethylene	20
5036885551	Leaf shedding	Genes get turned on which break down chlorophyll, DNA, RNA, and proteins to reabsorb them	21
5036895975	Photomorphogenis	The effects of light on plant morphology	22
5036898553	Action spectrum graph	Depicts relative responses of a process to different wavelengths	23
5036928900	2 major classes of light receptors	Blue light photoreceptors and phytochromes (red light)	24
5036956159	Blue light photoreceptors	Controls hypocytyl elongation(stem), stomatal opening, and phototropism	25
5036966652	Phytochromes	Regulate a lot of plant's response to light like de-etiolation	26
5036973714	Red light	Increase germination	27
5036980391	Far-red light	Decreases germination	28
5036984270	Photoperiodism	A physiological response to photoperiods	29
5036994013	Photoperiod	The relative lengths of night and day (used to determine the season)	30
5037006160	Short day plants	A plant that flowers when a light period is shorter than a critical length	31
5037011745	Long day plants	A plant that flowers when a light period is longer than a certain number of hours	32
5037019409	Day neutral plants	A plant that flowers due to maturity not photoperiods	33
5037024094	Vernalization	A pretreatment with cold to induce flowering	34
5037034247	Florigen	The flowering signal, not yet chemically identified	35
5037038064	Gravitropism	A plants response to gravity	36
5037047177	Statoliths	Specialized plastids containing dense starch grains that shift in roots to sense gravity and grow down	37
5037056749	Thigmomorphogenesis	Refers to changes in form that result from mechanical disturbance	38
5037069328	Thigmotropism	Growth in response to touch	39
5037072738	Action potentials	Transmission of electrical impulses	40
5037076553	Abiotic	Stresses that are nonliving	41
5037081093	Biotic	Stresses that are living	42
5037084948	Salt stress	Plants absorb salts from the soil to retain water due to over irrigation	43
5037090950	Heat shock proteins	Proteins that help protect other proteins from heat stress	44
5037096565	Methyljasmonic acid	Activates the expression of genes involved in plant defense	45
5037105558	Virulent	The pathogen is one that a plant has little specific defense against	46
5037112293	Avirulent	The pathogen is one that may harm but does not kill the host plant	47
5037117245	Gene for gene recognition	Involves recognition of pathogen derived molecules by protein products of specific plant disease resistance (R) genes	48
5037130608	Hypersensitive response	Kills off cells around an infection, produces phytoalexins, and PR proteins to hinder infections	49
5037152085	Systemic acquired resistance	Causes systemic expression of defense genes and is a long lasting response	50
5037159447	Salicylic acid	Synthesized around the infection site and is likely the signal that triggers systemic acquired resistance	51