ap Flashcards

8410610461	Zona glomerulosa	Most superficial; secretes mineralocorticoids	0
8410612177	Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)	target: kidney regulate Na+ and K+ levels; bp regulation electrolyte balance -drop in Na+ or rise in K+	1
8410612909	Zona fasciculata	Middle layer; secretes glucocorticoids	2
8410613942	Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)	Target: all body cell stimulate fat and protein breakdown, elevate glucose balance,inhibits inflammation (immune), manage stress ACTH secretion	3
8410614712	Zona reticularis	sex steroids	4
8410641054	Sex steroids	Target: diverse affect libido and bone tissue homeostasis among others secretion by ACTH from anterior pituitary	5
8410615089	Pheochromocytoma	tumor of adrenal medulla; high catecholamines high heart rate, bp, and nervousness	6
8410617534	Epinephrine	(Adrenaline) Target: heat, lung, liver accelerates heart constriction, dilate airways, and high rate of blood glucose stress	7
8410621103	norepinephrine	(Noradrenaline) Target: pacemaker cell of heart, and blood vessels accelerates heart rate, vasoconstriction (high bp) stress	8
8410626295	chromaffin cells	cells in adrenal medulla that secrete hormones	9
8410628442	aldosterone	zona glomerulosa	10
8410644212	Addison's Disease	Hypo secretion of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Abnormal Na+ and K+ levels, abnormal glucose level, dehydration and low bp	11
8410647478	Cushing's Disease	Hyper secretion of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Hyperglycemia, salt and water retention, abnormal redistribution of fat	12
8410651205	Inslet	clusters of endocrine cells	13
8410651754	Alpha cells	Pancreas- secrete glucagon	14
8410652370	Beta cells	Pancreas- secrete insulin	15
8410654458	Multiple Sclerosis	Oligdendrocyte attacked by immune cells; low myelination, low impulse, weak motor function	16
8410656415	Gullian-Barre Syndrome	Distal -> Proximal weakness	17
8410659330	Insulin	Secreted during and after meals Target: most body cells promotes uptake and use or storage of glucose; decrease blood glucose secretion stimulated by increase in blood glucose	18
8410665861	glucagon	between meals target: liver elevate blood glucose secretion stimulated by decrease in blood glucose	19
8410667780	Diabetes mellitus	Inadequate uptake of glucose Retinal blindness, kidney failure, nontraumatic amputations heart disease and stroke	20
8410672109	Type 1 diabetes	Absent or diminished release of insulin by pancreas Younger individuals	21
8410673981	Type 2 diabetes	Decreased insulin release obesity older individuals	22
8410675455	Gestational diabetes	pregnant women risk to fetus and delivery complications	23
8410676478	Hyperglycema	glucose level below 60mg symptoms of hunger, dizziness, confusion, sweating, and sleepiness deficiencyof glucocorticoids or gh, genetics	24
8410681708	gray matter	neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons	25
8410682379	white matter	myelinated axon	26
8410683488	Primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)	(frontal lobes) located in precentral gyrus	27
8410685711	pyramidal cells	cells in primary motor cortex gray matter control skeletal muscle activity	28
8410688180	motor homunculus	controlled body regions of primary motor cortex	29
8410689638	premotor cortex (motor association area)	anterior to primary cortex coordinates learned, skilled activities	30
8410691205	Primary somatosensory cortex	postcentral gyrus receives sensory info from proprioceptors, touch, pressure, pain, temp	31
8410693761	sensory homunculus	map of areas of body sending input	32
8410695179	somatosensory association area	posterior to postcentral gyrus integrates touch info allows identify what feel	33
8410696882	primary visual cortex	occipital lobes receive sensory info from retinas	34
8410698367	visual association area	surrounds primary visual cortex integrates color, form, memory (ex identify face)	35
8410699573	primary auditory cortex	temporal lobes receive info from hearing sensors in ear	36
8410701031	auditory association area	temporal lobes interprets sounds	37
8410702372	primary olfactory cortex	medial aspect of temporal lobes provides awareness of smell	38
8410703883	primary gustatory cortex	insula receive info from tongue taste info	39
8410705008	prefrontal cortex	anterior to premotor cortex complex thought, judgment, personality, planning, deciding	40
8410706553	gnostic area	integrate info form variety of senses	41
8410707330	Wernicke area	posterior to lateral sulcus in left hem recognition of spoken and written language	42
8410708949	Broca area	inferior prefrontal cortex usually in left hem generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and hands for signing	43
8410712988	affective language area	r hem lesions produce aprosody	44
8410713927	aprosody	flat emotionless speech	45
8410715107	nonfluent (broca) aphasia	slow speech, difficulty choosing words	46
8410716513	fluent (wernicke) aphasia	speech normal and excessive, use senseless jargon cannot comprehend written and spoken words	47
8410718589	anomic aphasia	can speak normally and understand speech but cannot identify written words or pictures	48
8410721043	limbic system	emotional brain	49
8410721044	hippocampus	part of limbic system medial temporal lobe memory function	50
8410722251	amygdala	part of limbic system anterior to hippocampus emotion function	51
8410723451	gratification	sensations of pleasure or reward	52
8410724506	aversion	sensations of fear or sorrow	53
8410725383	association tracts	connect regions of cerebral cortex within same hem	54
8410725968	commissural tract	connect regions in diff hem include corpus callosum	55
8410727269	projection tract	connect diff regions of CNS	56
8410729264	Epithalamus	diencephalon has pineal gland and habenlar nuclei	57
8410730603	pineal gland	secrete melatonin regulate circadian rhythm	58
8410731702	habenular nuclei	relay signals from limbic to midbrain	59
8410734002	hypothalamus	homeostatic regulation autonomic nervous system and endocrine system	60
8410737059	thalamus	gateway to the cerebral cortex relays infor	61
8410739115	cerebral peduncles	midbrain motor tracts on anterolateral surface of midbrain carries voluntary motor commands from primary motor cortex to pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord	62
8410741829	corpora quadrigemina	midbrain contain superior colliculi and inferior colliculi	63
8410742575	superior colliculi	function in visual attention	64
8410743329	inferior colliculi	receive signals from the inner ear and relays them to thalamus	65
8410744965	pons	includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord contains middle cerebellar peduncle	66
8410746181	middle cerebellar peduncle	transverse axon connecting pons to cerebellum	67
8410748082	medulla oblongata	brainstem includes sensory and motor tracts contain pyramids	68
8410749800	pyramids	pair of ridges on anterior surface house corticospinal tract for motor control decussation- opposite side	69
8410751687	cardiac center	part of medulla oblongata regulate heart rate	70
8410753382	vasomotor center	part of medulla oblongate regulate blood vessel diameter	71
8410754650	respiratory center	part of medulla oblongata controls breathing rate	72
8410755375	olives	bulge lateral to each pyramid in medulla oblongata contain olivary nuclei relay proprioceptive info to cerebellum	73
8410758768	primary fissure	separate anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum	74
8410760206	cerebellar cortex	outer gray matter of cerebellum	75
8410760661	arbor vitae	internal white matter of cerebellum (tree of life)	76
8410761891	spinal nerves	31 pairs	77
8410762408	conus medullaris	cord terminates at L1-L2	78
8410763191	cauda equina	collection of spinal nerves with vertebral canal (horse's tail)	79
8410767532	parasympathetic cranial nerves	oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus	80
8410773810	conjuctiva	thin membrane cover eye secrete mucus	81
8410774334	caruncle	produces oily secretion to protect eye	82
8410777460	flow of tears	lacrimal glands, across eyeball, lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity	83
8410782188	lateral rectus	move eye laterally (VI abducens)	84
8410782711	medial rectus	move eye medially (III oculomotor)	85
8410783737	superior rectus	elevates eye (III)	86
8410784854	inferior rectus	depresses eye (III)	87
8410785325	inferior oblique	elevate eye and turn laterally (III)	88
8410785994	superior oblique	depress eye and turn laterally (IV trochlear)	89
8410790285	sclera	layer of white avascular dense irregular ct (avascular tunic)	90
8410790780	cornea	transparent; light enters stratified squamous, simple (inner) squamous (avascular tunic)	91
8410794860	uvea	vascular tunic (choroid, cilliary bodyy, iris)	92
8410795712	choroid	blood rich layer, membrane with melanocytes absorbs and refracts light, prevent scattering	93
8410798513	cilliary body	contain cillary muscle, change shape of lens	94
8410799886	iris	control amount of light that penetrates to retina	95
8410803372	sensory tunic	retina two layered pigemented epithelial layer neural layer (rods and cones)	96
8410804854	optic disc	blind spot	97
8410805780	macula lutea	yellow spot, high cone density	98
8410806239	fovea centralis	high cone density, area with greatest visual acuity	99
8410807318	pathway of light	ganglion layer, bipolar later, excitation of photoreceptors, stimulation of ganglion cells, transmission via optic nerve	100
8410810584	anterior cavity	border by cornea anteriorly and lens posteriorly filled with aqueous humor (continuously replaced)	101
8410811347	posterior cavity	filled with vitreous fluid (produced once) maintain proper refractive medium for bending of light	102
8410815262	suspensory ligament	hold lens in place	103
8410819776	pinna	cartilaginous, skin covered structure around auditory canal opening	104
8410820653	external auditory canal	short canal lined with skin contain ceruminous gland that secrete wax sound wave reach tumpanic membrane (Eardurm)	105
8410824580	ossicles	smallest bones in bodyy (malleus, incus, stapes)	106
8410825121	auditory tube	connect middle vacity with nasopharnyx equalize air pressure	107
8410831333	macula sacculi	vertically	108
8410831334	macula utriculi	horizontally	109
8410833333	otolithic membrane	tips of cilia embedded gelatinous consistency	110
8410834319	otholiths	calcified proteins granules in otolithic membrane	111
8410835681	crista ampullaris	rotational equibrilium in semicircular canal	112
8410843457	cervical plexus	phrenic nerve- motor branch	113
8410843959	brachial plexus	axillary, radial, median, musculocutaenous, ulnar	114
8410845665	axillary nerve	muscles and skin of shoulder	115
8410846445	radial nerve	extensor muscles of arm, forearm and hand	116
8410846917	median nerves	flexor muscles of forearm and hand	117
8410847872	musculocutaenous nerve	flex forearm	118
8410848370	ulnar nerve	muscles not serviced by median nerve	119
8410849707	lumbar plexus	femoral nerve- anteromedial surface of entire lower limb	120
8410850752	sacral plexus	sciatic nerve- largest, flexor muscles and skin	121
8410854053	reflex	rapid, predictable, involuntary motor response	122
8410855901	ipsilateral	same side location of receptor relative to effectors	123
8410858182	contralateral	opposite side	124
8410859998	exteroceptors	receptors near external surface	125
8410861227	interoceptors	receptors in viscera (internal organs, blood vessels)	126
8410862481	proprioceptors	receptors in viscera (muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments)	127
8410864875	mechanoreceptors	sense change in mechanical force/stretch	128
8410866065	thermoreceptors	temp change	129
8410866673	chemoreceptors	snese change in chemical	130
8410866674	photoreceptors	detect light waves	131
8410869600	phonoreceptors	detect sound waves	132
8410871866	baroreceptors	hydrostatic pressure	133
8410873395	nocioreceptors	sense pain	134