AP Human Geography Review Flashcards

5916477837	Cartography	the science of making maps	0
5916477838	Aristotle	the person who first demonstrated that the Earth is round	1
5916477839	Eratosthenes	the first person to use the term "geography"	2
5916477840	Robinson Projection	Useful for displaying information across oceans, but the land areas are much smaller than on other maps.	3
5916477841	Mercator Projection	Has very little shape distortion, the direction is consistent, and the map is rectangular, but the area towards the poles is distorted.	4
5916477842	Township	A square six miles; divided into thirty-six sections	5
5916477843	Sections	One mile by one mile	6
5916477844	Remote Sensing	Data of the Earth's surface from a satellite	7
5916477845	Toponym	The name given to a place on Earth	8
5916477846	Site	The physical character of a place	9
5916477847	Situation	The location of a place relative to other places	10
5916477848	Prime Merdian	Zero degrees longitude cutting through Greenwich, England	11
5916477849	International Date Line	180 degrees longitude; 180 degrees away from the Prime Meridian	12
5916477850	Formal Region	An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics	13
5916477851	Functional Region	An area organized around a node or focal point	14
5916477852	Vernacular Region	A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity	15
5916477853	Cultural Ecology	The geographic study of human-environment relationships	16
5916477854	Environmental Determinism	How the physical environment caused social development	17
5916477855	Possibilism	The theory that people have the ability to adjust to their environment	18
5916477856	Five Climates	Tropical, Dry, Warm Mid-Latitude, Cold Mid-Latitude, Polar	19
5916477857	Four Major Biomes	Forest, Savanna, Grassland, Desert	20
5916477858	Density	The frequency with which something occurs in a space	21
5916477859	Arithmetic Density	The total number of objects in an area	22
5916477860	Physiological Density	The number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture	23
5916477861	Agricultural Density	The number of farmers per unit of area of farmland	24
5916477862	Concentration	The extent of a features spread over space	25
5916477863	Distance-Decay	When contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears	26
5916477864	Relocation Diffusion	The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another	27
5916477865	Hierarchical Diffusion	The spread of an idea from persons of authority or power to other persons or places	28
5916477866	Contagious Diffusion	The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout the population	29
5916477867	Stimulus Diffusion	The spread of an underlying principle, even through a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse; diffusion in which one people receives a characteristic from another but gives it a new and unique form (Ex. American Pizza)	30
5916477868	Ecumene	The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement	31
5916477869	Demographic Transition	Stage 1- Low growth, NIR is 0% Stage 2- High growth, NIR is 5%, CBR stays constant, CDR drops drastically Stage 3- Moderate growth, CBR and CDR drop Stage 4- Low growth, CBR=CDR, NIR approaches 0%	32
5916477870	Quota Act & National Origins Act	Established the maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the U.S. from each individual country during a one-year period	33
5916477871	Population Center	The average location of everyone in the country	34
5916477872	Amish Culture Origin & Diffusion	Originated from Bern, Switzerland; Alsace, France; and Palatinate, Germany. Diffused to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa	35
5916477873	Uniform Landscape	The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to another	36
5916477874	English Language Creation	Formed by the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons	37
5916477875	Isogl0ss	The boundary of a dialect	38
5916477876	Creole Language	A stable language from the blend of two languages	39
5916477877	Lingua Franca	Mixing two different languages to create a more simple and common language	40
5916477878	Pidgin Language	Used for communications among speakers of two different languages	41
5916477879	World's Christian Population	Roman Catholic-51% Protestant-24% Orthodox- 11%; Origin- 8-4 B.C.; Founder is Jesus	42
5916477880	Islam's Two Major Branches	Sunni-83% Shiite-16%; Origin 8-4 B.C.; Founder is Adam	43
5916477881	Buddhism	a path of practice and spiritual development leading to insight into the true nature of reality; Origin 563 B.C.; Founder is Siddhartha Gautama	44
5916477882	Hinduism	the main religion of India which includes the worship of many gods and the belief that after you die you return to life in a different form; Origin 2500 B.C.- 1500 B.C.; No specific founder	45
5916477883	Daoism	Emphasizes the mystical and magical aspects of life	46
5916477884	Shintoism	Believes in forces of nature; ethnic religion of Japan	47
5916477885	Judaism	Ethical and moral principles; first recorded religion to believe in only one god	48
5916477886	Animism	Belief that inanimate objects have spirits	49
5916477887	Sino-Tibetan Languages	A family of more than 400 languages spoken in East Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia	50
5916477888	Indo-European Languages	A large, widespread family of languages, the surviving branches of which include Italic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Celtic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian, spoken by about half the world's population	51
5916477889	Amish	The members of a strict Mennonite sect that established major settlements in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere in North America from 1720 onward	52
5916477890	Pilgrimage	A journey for religious purposes considered sacred	53
5916477891	Hierarchical Religion	A well defined geographic structure and organized territory	54
5916477892	Polytheistic Religion	Belief in multiple gods	55
5916477893	Monotheistic Religion	Belief in one god	56
5916477894	Proselytize	convert or attempt to convert from one religion, belief, or opinion to another	57
5916477895	Exclave	A territory belonging to a state but separated from that state by another state	58
5916477896	Enclave	a territory surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct	59
5916477897	Autonomous Religion	self-sufficient; interaction among communities is confined	60
5916477898	Fundamentalism	A literal interpretation and strict intense adherence to basic principles of a religion	61
5916477899	Denominations	Branches of a religion that differ on specific aspects of principles of religion	62
5916477900	Percentage of Ethnic Groups in the U.S.	Hispanic or Latino/Latina- 15% African Americans-13% Asian Americans-4% American Indians & Alaska Natives-1%	63
5916477901	Blockbusting	Real estate agents had white families sell their houses so that they could highly price them for desperate black families	64
5916477902	Self-determination	The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves	65
5916477903	Nation-state	A state whose territory corresponds with religion, ethnicity, and language	66
5916477904	Centripetal Forces	An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state	67
5916477905	Centrifugal Forces	Forces that pull apart a state	68
5916477906	Nationalities of Yugoslavia	Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes	69
5916477907	Balkanization	The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities	70
5916477908	Acculturation	Adopting the cultural traits of another group	71
5916477909	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group; usually takes about a lifespan	72
5916477910	Sovereignty	Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states (six nationalities without sovereignty are the Kurds, Basque, Flemish, Zulu, Palestinians, and Hmong)	73
5916477911	Commonwealth	A territory that has established a mutual agreement with another state for the benefits of both parties	74
5916477912	City-state	An independent state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside	75
5916477913	Imperialism	Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society	76
5916477914	Geometric Boundaries	Lines of latitude and longitude	77
5916477915	Annexation	Adding territory to an already existing state	78
5916477916	Definitional Boundary Dispute	Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract	79
5916477917	Operational Boundary Dispute	When two countries disagree on a major issue involving the border	80
5916477918	Allocational Boundary Dispute	Conflict over the usage of the boundary	81
5916477919	Exclusive Economic Zones	States that countries can explore for resources up to 200 miles off their shores	82
5916477920	Antecedent Boundaries	Boundaries that existed before human settlement of an area	83
5916477921	Subsequent Boundaries	Boundaries that developed along with the development of the cultural landscape (Ex. China)	84
5916477922	Superimposed Boundaries	A political boundary that ignores the existing cultural landscape	85
5916477923	Relic	An abandoned boundary not currently serving a political function	86
5916477924	Elongated State	A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape	87
5916477925	Compact State	A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions	88
5916477926	Fragmented State	A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory	89
5916477927	Prorupted State	A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory (both compact and elongated)	90
5916477928	Perforated State	A state that completely surrounds another	91
5916477929	Delimitation	Established boundary	92
5916477930	Demarcation	The process of showing the physical representation of a boundary or landscape	93
5916477931	Democratization	The transition of a dictatorship to a representative form of government	94
5916477932	Shatterbelt Regions	Regions caught up in a conflict between two superpowers	95
5916477933	Buffer State	A country that lies between two other countries in conflict but stays neutral	96
5916477934	Heartland Theory	The theory by Sir Halford Mackinder that states that whoever owns Eastern Europe and Western Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world	97
5916477935	Rimland Theory	The theory by Nichols Spyman that states that whoever owns the rimland (coastal area) will own the World Island	98
5916477936	Devolution	The giving up of power by the federal government to the different regions of a country	99
5916477937	Autonomous	Not controlled by others or by outside forces	100
5916477938	Regionalism	The breaking up of an area into autonomous regions	101
5916477939	Theocracy	A country where one particular religion is intertwined with the political structure	102
5916477940	Supranationalism	Extending state borders though establishments of other organizations	103
5916477941	Gerrymandering	The redrawing of political boundaries for political gain	104
5916477942	Manifest Destiny	The belief that the U.S. government was meant to rule the land between that Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean	105
5916477943	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a military alliance among 16 democratic states	106
5916477944	Barrios	Spanish-speaking urban neighborhoods in the U.S.	107
5916477945	HDI	Human Development Index	108
5916477946	Factors that Determine HDI	Economic factor (GDP), Social factor (literacy rate & amount of education), and Demographic factor (life expectancy)	109
5916477947	GDP	Gross domestic product; the total value of all goods and services produced within a nation during a given period	110
5916477948	Productivity	The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it	111
5916477949	Value Added	The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy	112
5916477950	Gender Related Development Index	Compares per capita income, schooling, literacy, and life expectancy between the two genders	113
5916477951	Rostow's Development Model	1. Traditional Society 2. Preconditions for takeoff 3. Takeoff 4. Drive to maturity 5. Age of mass consumption	114
5916477952	Fair Trade	Products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in LDCs	115
5916477953	Transhumance	The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and low pastures	116
5916477954	Rust Belt	Economic region in the north-east of the U.S.	117
5916477955	Sun Belt	The southern stretch of the U.S.	118
5916477956	Disapora	Common ethnic identity in a large geographic area	119
5916477957	Four Asian Tigers	The high-growth economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.	120
5916477958	Special Economic Zones (SEZs)	Zones set up to attract foreign investment	121
5916477959	Fordist Production	Assigning every worker one specific task to do repeatedly	122
5916477960	Subsistence Agriculture	The production of food mainly for the farmer's family	123
5916477961	Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory	Three-level hierarchy: core, periphery, and semi-periphery	124
5916477962	Maquiladora	Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs	125
5916477963	Industrial Revolution	A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods	126
5916477964	Situation Factor	Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory	127
5916477965	Bulk-reducing Industry	An industry in which inputs weigh more than the final product	128
5916477966	Bulk-gaining Industry	An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs	129
5916477967	Break-of-bulk point	A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible	130
5916477968	Four Modes of Transportation for Businesses	Ship, rail, truck, or airplane	131
5916477969	Site Factor	Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital	132
5916477970	Three Production Cost Factors	Land, labor, and capital	133
5916477971	Labor Intensive Industry	An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses	134
5916477972	Territorial Disputes	Conflicts between states, regions, or countries over the ownership of a given area (Ex. Russia and Crimea)	135
5916477973	Positional Disputes	Conflicts over the interpretation of documents defining a boundary or the way it is shown on the ground	136
5916477974	Functional Disputes	Conflicts over national policies applied at a border (Ex. U.S. and Mexico)	137
5916477975	Resource Disputes	Conflicts over the use of resources created or complicated by a political boundary	138
5916477976	Outsourcing	The physical separation of some economic activities from the main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor	139
5916477977	Agglomeration	A geographical process by which secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets	140
5916477978	Fixed Costs	An activity cost that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant	141
5916477979	Distance Decay	A function that represents the way that some entity or its influence decays with distance from its geographical location	142
5916477980	Weber's Least Cost Theory	Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration	143
5916477981	Entrepot	A port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution	144
5916477982	Capitalism	An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state	145
5916477983	Communism	A society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs	146
5916477984	Diaspora	Jews living outside Israel	147
5916477985	Primary Economic Activity	Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture	148
5916477986	Secondary Economic Activity	Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	149
5916477987	Tertiary Economic Activity	Economic activity associated with the provision for services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, routine, office-based jobs)	150
5916477988	Quaternary Economic Activity	Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services)	151
5916477989	Quinary Economic Activity	Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge skill (scientific research, high-level management)	152
5916477990	Concentric Zone Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings	153
5916477991	Multiple Nuclei Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities	154
5916477992	Hoyt Sector Model	The theory of urban structure that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings	155
5916477993	Central Place Theory	The theory that explains the regional organization of urban areas, based on their functions and the goods and services they offer	156
5916477994	Cultural Syncretism	The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait	157
5916477995	Metropolitan Area	A region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing	158