AP Biology- Macromolecules Flashcards

8525295860	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	0
8525295861	polar	electrons shared unequally	1
8525295862	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	2
8525295863	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	3
8525295864	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	4
8525295865	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	5
8525295866	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	6
8525295867	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	7
8525295868	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	8
8525295869	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	9
8525295870	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	10
8525295871	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	11
8525295872	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	12
8525295873	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	13
8525295874	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds	14
8525295875	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity	15
8525295876	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	16
8525295877	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	17
8525295878	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	18
8525295879	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	19
8525295880	metabolism	sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell	20
8525295881	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture	21
8525295882	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	22
8525295883	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	23
8525295884	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	24
8525295885	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	25
8525295886	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	26
8525295887	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another	27
8525295888	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water	28
8525295889	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	29
8525295890	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	30
8525295891	glycosodic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction	31
8525295892	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	32
8525295893	pyramidine	cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring	33
8525295894	purine	adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	34
8525295895	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	35
8525295896	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	36
8525295897	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	37
8525295898	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	38
8525295899	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	39
8525295900	compartmentalization	membrane enclosed regions that allow a eukaryotic cell to increase surface area and have specialized regions for chemical reactions.	40
8525295901	passive transport	movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input	41
8525295902	active transport	movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient	42
8525295903	endocytosis	form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.	43
8525295904	exocytosis	a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.	44
8525295905	surface area	The measurement of the outer surface of an object.	45
8525295906	volume	Amount of space occupied by an object	46
8525295907	water potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	47
8525295908	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	48