AP midterm Flashcards

7547844386	pulse	The time from which data leaves baseline to the time where it comes back to baseline	0
7547865059	The Marker	resides in a dock at the bottom left of the LabTutor panel; from here it can be dragged and dropped on to any part of the data	1
7547870428	cycle	The time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next pulse.	2
7547887001	Frequency Formula (how often does it pulsate)	= number of cycles / time (s) Units in 1/s or Hz or S-1	3
7547894187	Duration Formula (how long the pulse last)	= Sum of time interval of each pulse/ # of total pulses Units are in seconds	4
7547932558	Magnitude Formula (How strong (weak) is the pulse)	= Sum of magnitude of each pulse/ # of total pulses Units are in (mV)	5
7549222529	Osmotic Pressure Formula	= iRT (C1 - C2)	6
7549228012	Osmosis Formula	= M X ions	7
7549247012	Percent Volume Change Formula	((Final volume-Initial volume)/Initial volume) x 100%.	8
7549282208	Retardation Factor Formula	= Distance from origin to steroid spot / distance from the origin to the solvent front	9
7547956412	Osmosis	Solvent moves from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration.	10
7598057595	Diffusion	Solute moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.	11
7547968792	Osmotic pressure	the hydrostatic back pressure required to cancel the osmotic diffusion of H2O from one side of osmometer to the other. Formula: = iRT (C1 - C2)	12
7548051508	Structure of neuron		13
7548064438	Cell Body (Soma)	contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and organelles.	14
7548067335	Dendrites	receiving or input portions of the neuron	15
7548069902	Axon Hillock	cone-shaped elevation joining the cell body and the axon	16
7548082091	Initial Segment	The first part of the axon	17
7548085130	Trigger Zone	junction between the axon hillock and the initial segment where action potentials are generated	18
7548088902	Axon	the nerve fiber through which impulses are conducted	19
7548092966	Axon Terminals (Knobs)	House neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles for neurons to communicate.	20
7548077363	turbidity	he cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air	21
7548147141	Hormone	a chemical messenger secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulates the metabolic functions of other cells in the body.	22
7548151605	Endocrine glands:	do not have a duct system and are called ductless glands. These glands release hormones directly into the blood.	23
7548151606	Exocrine glands	have a duct system. Ducts are tubes leading from a gland to its target organ	24
7548167243	steroid	transcription factors and only resident nuclear receptors can repress in the absence of ligand.	25
7548186089	polypeptide	They function in an endocrine manner to regulate many physiological functions, including growth, appetite and energy metabolism, cardiac function, stress, and reproductive physiology. Many signal via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).	26
7548191431	Tyrosine derivative	The primary function of these hormones is to regulate the basal metabolic rate and affect almost all the cells of the body. regulate carbohydrate, fat, protein and vitamin metabolism and thereby control the way in which human cells produce energy and use it for the various cellular functions.	27
7548217407	thin layer chromatography		28
7548293491	Somatic:	Affects striated, skeletal muscle Involved with reflexes Nerves do not synapse at ganglia after leaving CNS Length of the fibers are mostly equidistant	29
7548316080	Autonomic:	Affects smooth muscle Involved in "fight or flight" response Nerves synapse at ganglia after leaving CNS Length of the fibers are usually not equidistant	30
7548323851	Sympathetic	- Adrenergic - Epinephrine/Norepinephrine	31
7548333569	Parasympathetic	- Cholinergic -Acetylcholine	32
7548337001	Non-adrenergic / non-cholinergic	-Nitrergic - Nitric Oxide	33
7548354477	Cholinergic:	neurons that release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Ex: Skeletal muscle	34
7548398400	Adrenergic:	neurons that release the neurotransmitter epinephrine or norepinephrine Ex: myocardium, glands	35
7548404381	Nitrergic:	neurons that release the neurotransmitter nitric oxide Ex: vasculature endothelium	36
7548416969	Parasympathetic System:	1)Ganglia are located close to the effector organ and far from the spinal cord. 2)Preganglionic neurons long; post ganglionic short 3)Motor neurons exit the brain, (CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10) and sacral regions, (S2-S4), of the spinal cord 4)Referred to as the Craniosacral Nervous system	37
7548419488	Sympathetic System:	1)Ganglia are located far from the effector organ and closer to the spinal cord. 2)Preganglionic neurons short; post ganglionic long 3)Motor neurons exit the thoracic and lumbar regions, (T1-L2), of the spinal cord. 4)Referred to as the Thoracolumbar Nervous system	38
7548471205	Stomach, Intestines-Parasympathetic	Increase motility, tone and gastric/intestinal secretions	39
7548483784	Sweat glands-Parasympathetic	No stimulation	40
7548483785	Salivary Glands-Parasympathetic	Increases secretion	41
7548487412	Liver-Parasympathetic	Increase in bile secretion and glycogen synthesis	42
7548487413	Lacrimal glands -Parasympathetic	Stimulates secretion	43
7548492285	Skin arterioles -Parasympathetic	Dilation, increase blood supply	44
7548492286	Heart arterioles -Parasympathetic	Constriction of coronary arteries	45
7548505475	Heart arterioles- Sympathetic	Dilation of coronary arteries	46
7548517071	Skin arterioles- Sympathetic	Constriction, decrease blood supply	47
7548523796	Lacrimal glands-Sympathetic	No stimulation	48
7548354742	Blood Pressure	Measured with a stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer; it measures the direct pressure of the brachial artery in mmHg. During a time of stress both systolic and diastolic blood pressures rise.	49
7548539771	Liver-Sympathetic	Decrease in bile secretion Increase in glucose levels	50
7548555066	Salivary Glands-Sympathetic	Decreases secretion	51
7548735263	Basic Anatomy of the Earthworm	Go look at powerpoint picture slide 29	52
7548778246	Median Lateral Fiber	Once the threshold for the median giant fiber is determined, the voltage is increased further to stimulate the lateral giant fiber	53
7548808318	Lateral Giant Fiber	Have a higher stimulus threshold and conduct more slowly than median giant fiber because their action potential reaches the recording electrodes after a long latent period and is seen as a second, delayed peak in the recording.	54
7548887582	Stimulus Artifact	The first immediate response after the stimulus which is not an action potential but simple due to the voltage applied.	55
7548932028	First and Second Neural Response	The median fiber giant and the lateral fiber giant.	56
7548937044	Threshold potential (All-or-none response)	If depolarization reaches a certain level, (-55mV), then the voltage-gated ion channels open, and an action potential that is always the same size (amplitude) occurs. If threshold potential is not achieved, the action potential will not occur.	57
7549018588	Normal Pulse	A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats a minute.	58
7549037619	Thready Pulse	A scarcely perceptible pulse that feels like a fine mobile thread under a palpating finger. It is weak, distant, or muffled upon auscultation. Causes include: anxiety/panic attacks, arrhythmias, Hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock, Heat exhaustion, Hemorrhage, and Respiratory failure.	59
7549047422	Bounding Pulse	Is loud, strong and forceful. It is possible for this to be normal such as immediately after exercising. Causes include: Anemia, fever, cirrhosis, anxiety and fever, tachycardia, fluid overload (edema), chronic kidney failure.	60
7549163335	Irregular Pulse	A variation in rate of impulses in an artery due to cardiac arrhythmia. Cases include: High blood pressure, coronary heart disease where cholesterol occludes the cardiac arteries, certain drugs like caffeine beta-blockers and amphetamines, low levels of certain electrolytes like potassium, heart muscle changes following injury, illness or surgery, and heart abnormalities.	61
7548548848	Pulse Rate	During a time of stress, heart rate and cardiac output increases.	62
7548380088	Skin Temperature	Skin vasodilatation will increase skin temperature	63
7548241637	ACTH	increased glucocorticoid secretion.	64
7548237007	β endorphins	analgesia in the brain in response to stress and exercise	65
7548241636	Lipotropins	increased fat breakdown.	66
7548239716	FSH	follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; sperm cell production.	67
7548247604	GH	Increased growth in tissues, cartilage and bone, amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and glycogen and glucose levels.	68
7548267528	MSH	Increases the production of melanin in melanocytes.	69
7548267529	TSH	increased thyroid hormone secretion.	70
7548270014	PRL	milk synthesis in lactating women.	71
7548270015	LH	ovulation and testosterone synthesis.	72
7548186237	Absolute Refractory Period (ARP):	the period of time where and excitable cell CANNOT generate another action potential; this time interval coincides with the Na+ channels being closed and inactive which cannot reopen until they return to resting state.	73
7548190021	Relative Refractory Period (RRP):	the period of time during which a second action potential can be initiated, but only by a suprathreshold stimulus; this time interval coincides with the period when the K+ channels are still open after inactivated Na+ channels have returned to resting state; the action potential will always be LESSER in magnitude.	74
7548160684	The Transmission of the Impulse Across the Synaptic Cleft	1)Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal. 2)Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open. 3)Influx of Ca2+ occurs. 4)Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane, (exocytosis). 5)Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and diffuse to the postsynaptic membrane. 6)Neurotransmitter binds to neuroreceptors on the postsynaptic membrane 7)This causes Na+ channels to open and flow into postsynaptic neuron 8)If threshold is reached, action potential is initiated. Specific enzymes break down neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.	75
7548366045	Color Blindness	The Ishihara color test is a test for red-green color deficiencies, the most common kind. A sex-linked occurring primarily in males, women are carriers. Protan is reduced sensitivity to red light. Deutan is to green light and tritin is to blue light.	76
7548529206	Epinephrine	an adrenergic agonist which binds to adrenergic receptors Increases the heart rate and strength of contraction	77
7548529207	Atropine	a cholinergic antagonist which blocks acetylcholine receptors, causing increased sympathetic tone thus indirectly increasing the heart rate Antagonistic at the muscarinic receptor	78
7548529208	Acetylcholine	Decelerates heart rate. Delays the transmission of the impulse, (action potential), into the ventricles and decreases the rhythm rate into the SA node. Cells in the SA node initiate their own depolarization without CNS input!	79
7548531998	Pilocarpine	a direct acting cholinergic agonist which decreases heart rate by directly acting on the receptor.	80
7548534481	Digitals	strengthens the force of the heartbeat by increasing the amount of calcium in the cardiocytes. (Calcium stimulates the heartbeat) It binds to sodium and potassium receptors which controls the amount of calcium in the heart muscle by stopping the calcium from leaving the cells.	81
7548508662	Color Blindness Test	The Ishihara color test is a test for red-green color deficiencies, the most common kind. It was named after its designer, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963), a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917. Color blindness is sex-linked occurring primarily in males; women are carriers.	82
7548516446	Pseudoisochromatic Plates of Ishihara	Nine plates are used for the condensed version of the Ishihara test on the powerlab tutor	83
7548487544	Jendrassik Maneuver		84
7548471730	myotatic reflex		85
7548484303	Saccades	constant, involuntary, cyclical movement of the eyeball. Vestibular apparatus disturbance can be in either direction (right or left)	86
7548477366	Nystagmus	characterized by the combination of 'slow phases', interspersed with saccade-like 'quick phases' that serve to bring the eye back on target	87
7548481476	Opsoclonus	consists of rapid, involuntary, multivectorial (horizontal and vertical), unpredictable, conjugate fast eye movements without intersaccadic intervals; characterized by purely fast-phase saccadic eye movements	88
7548145643	Action potential	Na+/K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell	89
7548356093	Lidocaine	Local anesthetics such as Lidocaine, Novocain and Xylocaine function by attaching to the Na+ gates of the neuronal membrane, and thus prevent the flow of Na+ into the cell and the generation of an action potential upon stimulation.	90
7548377105	Reflex Arc	5 Components of the reflex: Sensory receptor Sensory afferent nerve Synapse / interneurons Motor efferent nerve Effector organ	91
7548359482	Curare	Curare and αbungarotoxin are both snake venoms. They block the nicotinic receptors in the somatic nervous system, relaxing skeletal muscle, leading to skeletal muscle paralysis.	92
7548342328	Diethyl Ether	General anesthetics such as diethyl ether and chloroform function to decrease brain activity by opening K+ gates, thus allowing K+ ions out of the cell. The neuron becomes hyperpolarized and is unable to discharge.	93
7548022187	tonicity		94
7548047461	osmolarity		95
7548316688	Conduction Velocity	CV = (D2 - D1)/(T2 - T1)	96
7548312357	Stroop Stress Test	A way of inducing physiological stress in human volunteers such as blood pressure, pulse and temperature.	97
7548058446	Hemolysis	the rupture or destruction of red blood cells	98
7548602007	Abduction	to draw away from the center anatomical axis of the body.	99
7548605223	Adduction	to draw toward the center anatomical axis of the body.	100
7548605224	Flexion	a muscle that bends a limb or body part at a joint so that the angle of the joint decreases.	101
7548610966	Extension	a muscle that straightens a limb or body part at a joint so that the angle of the joint increases.	102
7548613409	Circumduction	circular (conical) rotation	103
7548617384	Elevation/Depression	movement in the superior/inferior direction	104
7548620489	Human Motor Points		105
7548706257	Sweat glands-Sympathetic	Increases secretion	106
7548708720	Stomach, Intestines-Sympathetic	Decrease motility, tone and gastric/ intestinal secretions	107
7548708721	Lungs smooth muscle-Parasympathetic	Bronchiole constriction	108
7548708722	Lungs smooth muscle-Sympathetic	Bronchiole relaxation and dilation	109
7548710611	Cardiac muscle-Parasympathetic	Decreases heart rate and force of contractions	110
7548710612	Cardiac muscle-Sympathetic	Increases heart rate and force of contractions	111
7549502853	Miosis	An abnormal fixed constriction of pupils; aka "pin-point pupils"	112
7549502854	Mydriasis	an abnormal fixed dilation of the pupils	113
7549518329	Presbyopia	decreased elasticity of the lens = or < 1Diopter!	114
7549522786	Diopter	1/FL	115