AP Biology: Chemistry and Macromolecules Flashcards

4877603003	Organic Compounds	contain carbon; include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates	0
4877606167	Functional Groups	amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl	1
4877612278	Fat	glycerol + 3 fatty acids	2
4877614599	Saturated Fat	bad for you; mostly found in animals; has double bonds	3
4877616493	Unsaturated Fat	better for you; mostly found in plants; has single bonds	4
4877618037	Steroids	lipids that include the sex hormones and cholesterol; formed by four carbon rings	5
4877620865	Phospholipids	glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; make up the bilayer membrane of cells; have hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors	6
4877626952	Carbohydrates	used by cells for energy and structure; include monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), and polysaccharides (chitin, cellulose)	7
4877632466	Proteins	polymer of amino acids; several functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptors, structure)	8
4877637897	Enzymes	selective catalytic proteins that react with substrates; speed up biological reactions by lowering the required energy; affected negatively by pH, temperature, and concentration.	9
4877648465	Competitive Inhibition	inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site	10
4877652055	Noncompetitive Inhibition	inhibitor does not resemble substrate and binds elsewhere on enzyme, alters active site so that substrate cannot bind	11
4877656220	Hydrolysis	breaks down components by adding water	12
4877658062	Dehydration Reaction	two components brought together, producing water	13
4877660192	Endergonic Reaction	reaction that requires energy	14
4877661955	Exergonic Reaction	reaction that gives off energy	15
4877664768	Redox Reaction	electron transfer reactions (such as in the Electron Transport Chain)	16
4911188251	Phosphate Group	what functional group is this?	17
4911192419	Amino Group	what functional group is this?	18
4911194120	Hydroxyl Group	what functional group is this?	19
4911197464	Carbonyl Group	what functional group is this? Hint: it makes compounds polar	20
4911201874	Carboxyl Group	what functional group is this?	21
4911206275	Sulfhydryl Group	what functional group is this?	22
4911283015	Cellulose	arranged in straight structures; makes up plant cell walls	23
4911304062	Chitin	a lipid found in exoskeletons of arthropods	24
4911310072	Lipids	hydrophobic organic compounds that do not consist of polymers; used for building blocks or as an energy source in cells	25
4911314585	Primary Structure	a chain of amino acids that make up proteins	26
4911317177	Secondary Structure	folding or coiling polypeptides; arranged in an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet; two dimensional; makes up proteins	27
4911326619	Disulfide Bridge	holds amino acids together, specifically within the secondary structure of protein conformation	28
4911330083	Tertiary Structure	caused by the attraction or repellent between amino acids in the primary protein structure; causes 2-D structure to fold into a three dimensional structure	29
4911344836	Quaternary Structure	proteins bonded to other proteins	30
4911354762	Denaturation	proteins unravelling	31
4911359001	Chaperonins	a protein that helps other proteins to fold properly; creates a perfect environment	32
4911367046	Nucleic Acids	cytosine, guanine, uracil (in RNA), adenine, thymine	33
4912087675	Aldehyde	a carbonyl group at the end of the chain	34
4912097333	Ketone	a carbonyl group within the chain	35
4912104770	Hydrophilic	water-loving	36
4912104771	Hydrophobic	water-repelling	37
4912107274	Polar Molecule	a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, causing a positive side and a negative side	38
4912149826	Glycosidic Linkage	a covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to a different (or another carbohydrate) molecule.	39
4912163412	Ester Linkage	carboxylic acid (a carbon, an oxygen, a hydroxyl group, and a hydrocarbon) reacts with a hydroxyl group, forming a water molecule.	40
4912193426	Fibrous Proteins	proteins with a primary and secondary structure	41
4912195774	Globular Proteins	proteins with a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure	42
4912203067	Substrate	a substance an enzyme acts upon; enzyme reacts with an active site	43
4912411082	Glucose Molecule	what molecule is this?	44
4912419525	Triglyceride Molecule	what molecule is this?	45
4912432836	Phospholipid Molecule	what molecule is this?	46
4912439515	Cholesterol Molecule	what molecule is this?	47
4912473193	Carboxyl and Amino	what two groups does an amino acid contain?	48
4912502152	Activation Energy Diagram	what is this diagram?	49