AP Flashcards

7673813812	what two surfaces are in contact with the outdoors?	skin mucous membranes	0
7673816995	4 signs of inflammation	redness, swelling, heat, pain	1
7673823642	The 4 steps neutrophils go through to get to an inflamed area of the body IN ORDER	Leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis	2
7673835205	What cell of our non-specific defenses kills diseased cells by releasing chemicals, not phagocytes?	Natural Killer cell	3
7673837362	Compliment:	forms a membrane attack complex, opsonization, enhance inflammation, and stimulates cells to make antibody	4
7673850034	Which part of the adaptive (specific) Immune system attacks extracellular antigens?	humoral	5
7673853222	attacks diseased or foreign cells?	cellular	6
7673856637	which one only responds to antigens presented on a cell surface?	cellular	7
7673859276	cells that make and release ab's?	Plasma cells	8
7673862584	APC that can be found in the epidermis?	dendritic	9
7673866867	cell that becomes immunocompetent in the bone marrow?	B cell	10
7673871422	Cell produced after a primary response that can produce a stronger secondary response if re-encounters again	memory cell	11
7673874230	cell that releases histamine in connective tissue	mast cell	12
7673879378	cell that attacks a diseased cell displaying a specific antigen and kills it using chemicals	cytoxic t cell	13
7673886646	name of lymphocyte that enhances both the humoral and cell medited immunity	helper t	14
7673891277	largest antibody, first one produced in a primary response	IgM	15
7673898537	vaccines exampple of	active- artificial immunity	16
7673901457	antibody associated with allergies	IgE	17
7673905906	fetus receiving antibodies from mom	passive- natural	18
7673909860	antibody secreted on mucosal surfaces	IgA	19
7673912703	natural infection an example of	active- natural	20
7673916204	most common antibody	IgG	21
7673918599	immune serum example of	passive-artificial	22
7673926618	agglutinates with A anttiserum, B antiserum but not Rh	AB-	23
7673929402	agglutinates with B antiserumm and Rh but not A antiserum	B+	24
7673932955	does not aggutinate with A or B serum but does with Rh	O+	25
7673936082	makes surfactant	Type II cuboidal cell	26
7673939240	small airway with no cartilage	bronchiole	27
7673942093	structure found in respiratory zone	alveolus	28
7673943842	brings air to lung lobe	seecondary bronchus	29
7673946536	brings air to either the R or the L lung	primary bronchus	30
7673949204	main cell of alveolus	type I squamous cell	31
7673952816	brings air tto bronchopulmonary segmennt	tertiary bronchus	32
7673954925	broncho-constriction	parasympathetic	33
7673959627	layer of serous membrane on the lung surface	visceral pleura	34
7673965527	Name the three single cartilages of the larynx	epiglottis, cricoid, and thyroid	35
7673972782	What enzyme is made and released by endothelial cells in the lung capillaries?	ACE	36
7673978285	As the arytenoid cartilages move they change the tension on the :	true coval cords changing our vocal pitch	37
7673982707	type of cartilage in the trachea	hyaline cartilage	38
7673987023	what helps the lung to adhere to the inside of the thoracic wall?	pleural fluid	39
7673991287	blood supply to all of the lung tissue except alveolli	bronchial circulation	40
7673995183	complex of bronchi vessels and nerves that enters at the lung hilum:	lung root	41
7674001228	hat comprises the respiratory membrane	type I cells, ssimple squamous epithelium	42
7674004078	what comprises the glottis?	true vocal chords and the space between them	43
7675555032	Resistance	force that opposes blood flow	44
7675559803	Vessel length, the longer the vessel the ---------- the resistance	greater	45
7675562659	Viscosity	fluid''s resistance to flow	46
7675568241	Larger vessel	greatest resistance along the wall of the vessel (friction), less resistance in the center = faster flow	47
7675572920	smaller vessell	friction slows most of the blood, the smaller the radius, the greater the resistance	48
7675581261	What structures are especially important in controlling peripheral resistance?	arterioles	49
7675591257	As the left ventricle contracts it pushes blood into the aorta and the aorta stretches, this is called the	systolic pressure ~ 120 mm HHg	50
7675601845	as the left ventricle relaxes, the aortic SL valve closes, the stretched aorta reccoils which moves blood forward (elastic rebound) and creates a pressure wave or pulse	diastolic pressure ~ 80 mmhg	51
7675604611	BP declines as it travels	farther from the heart	52
7675653390	3 ways blood in the veins returns to the heart	respiratory pump (abdominal pressure increases and squeezes the veins) muscular pump (muscles contract and relax around deep veins milk the veins) and sympathetic (causes veins to constrict)	53
7675665042	BP=	co x R (cardiac output and resistance)	54
7675672937	3 main factors that affect BP	CO, R, and Blood volume	55
7675677262	Neural controls regulate blood pressure by:	changing the peripheral resistance (altering vessel diameter)	56
7675688285	cadiovascular center in medulla composed of:	vasomotor center cardioaccelatory center cardioinhibitory center	57
7675690292	Vasomotor Center	transmits action potentials to vasomotor fibers (sympathetic fibers). MAINLY EFFECTS ARTERIOLES in general: increases sympathetic activity increases vasoconstriction aned increases BP affected by inputs from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and brain	58
7675710996	Baroreceptors	sensory receptors in walls of blood vessels, respond to being stretched	59
7675715751	baroreceptors located in:	aortic arch, carotid sinuses	60
7675726284	Chemoreceptors	detect levels of CO2, O2, and pH in arterial blood but are more important in regulating respiratory rate	61
7675733026	Chemoreceptors located in:	carotid bodies and aortic bodies near baroreceptors	62
7675736562	Brain	cortex and hypothalamus affect the medulla, ex. sympathetic activation affects cardoaclatory and vasomotor centers	63
7675743553	Hormonal controls	norepinephrine and epinephrine released by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation, general vasoconstriction of vessels	64
7675960273	Angiotensin II	in blood, causes vasoconstriction	65
7675963516	Aldosterone	from the adrenal cortex, reabsorbs Na+(H2O) which helps increase blood volume	66
7675975486	Atrial natiuretic peptide ANP	from specialized cardiacc muscle cells in atria of heart, inhibits aldosterone which decreases blood voume	67
7675984816	Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)	secreted from posterior pituitary, helps rreabsorb H2O into the kidneys, which increases blood volume ancauses vasocontriction	68
7675993095	Renal Controls	kidneys help control BP by keeping the blood volume stable	69
7676017769	How do organs and tissu control the amount of blood flow to them?	autoregulation of capillary beds	70
7676029241	Physical changes : myogenic response	helps protect fragile capillaries from force of high BP	71
7676037359	Chemical changes: from WBC'ss, smooth muscle, endothelium, etc	chemicals that directly affect smooth muscle, or indirectly cause endothelial cells to release nitric oxide (causes vasoconstriction or dilation)	72
7676060344	Hydrostatic pressure is higher at arteriole end,lower at	venule end	73
7676063487	Osmotic Pressure	pressure needed to stop flow of solvent across semi-permeable membrane	74
7676076859	3 main components of the lymphatic system	lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes	75
7676079245	Lymph	a protein containing interstitial fluid that is formed in capillary beds, once fluid enters and is carried i lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph	76
7676087403	lymphatic vessels	drainage vessels, one way back to the heart	77
7676104138	R lymphatic duct drains	the R upper limb, R thorax, and R side of head	78
7676107697	Thoracic duct drains	the rest of the body (starts as a sac in the upper lumbar area called the cysterna chyli)	79
7676116966	Each lymphatic duct drains into the	venous blood at the subclavian/internal jugular vein junction	80
7676119516	Lymph Nodes	Filter lymph before it enters the blood	81
7676132096	Lymphatic vessels move by muscle movement, thoracic pressure, and valves which is like venous transport but also uses	peristalsis for transport	82
7676134807	Lacteals	specialized lymph capillaries located in intestinal villi, drains chyle from intestine	83
7676153241	Body defends against microbes by:	inflammation,phagocytes, and lymphocytes	84
7676158884	B lymphocytes become	plasma cells that make antibodies	85
7676162940	T lymphocytes attack	foreign cells (cancer, viruses)	86
7676168285	Lymphoid tissue is made of mainly	reticular CT	87
7676174062	Lymphoid follices	tightly packed spheres, mainnly B cells	88
7676183034	Lymph node ssinuses	endothelial lined channels spanned by reticular fibers and macrophages	89
7676187107	lymph node outer capsule	has inwward extensions called trabeculae	90
7676191411	subcapsular sinus	located below capsule	91
7676194334	trabecular sinuses	in cortex next to trabeculae	92
7676203336	Largest lymphoid organ	spleen	93
7676207709	Funtions of the spleen	cleans blood, recycles and stores iron, stores platelets, and immune function	94
7676214845	White pulp	lymphatic tissue around braches of the splenic artery,forms cuff around small arteries	95
7676223361	Red pulp	composed of splenic cords and blood filled with venous sinuses	96