AP ENVIRO SOIL/WATER Flashcards
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| 5253180644 | What is the hydrologic cycle powered by? | solar energy and gravity | 0 | |
| 5253186508 | What percent of the world is the ocean? | 97.41% | 1 | |
| 5253210076 | What percent of earth's water supply is fresh water? | 2.59% | 2 | |
| 5253212566 | Where is freshwater found? | Ice caps, glaciers, and groundwater | 3 | |
| 5253215947 | What percent of the fresh water is readily accessible? | 0.014% | 4 | |
| 5253218024 | Where is this readily accessible fresh water found? | Lakes, Soil moisture, atmospheric water vapor, rivers, and biota | 5 | |
| 5253336168 | Groundwater | - the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rock - one of the most important sources of water on earth | 6 | |
| 5253431967 | Zone of Saturation | lower layers of soil where spaces between particles are completely filled with water | 7 | |
| 5253436261 | Water Table | located at the top zone of saturation; rises in wet weather and falls in dry | 8 | |
| 5253440451 | Aquifer | a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move | 9 | |
| 5253503250 | Four Causes of water scarcity: | 1. Dry climate 2. Drought 3. Too many people using water supply 4. Wasteful use of water | 10 | |
| 5253508619 | Water Scarcity Stress | measurement based on the comparison of the amount of water available with the amount used per person | 11 | |
| 5253515235 | Geology | study of dynamic processes taking place on earth's surface and in earth's interior | 12 | |
| 5253527283 | Three major concentric zones of the earth: | - core - mantle - crust | 13 | |
| 5253529767 | Core | - 1/2 radius of earth - extremely hot | 14 | |
| 5253532606 | Inner Core | - solid - mostly iron | 15 | |
| 5253534565 | Outer Core | - liquid - iron and nickel | 16 | |
| 5253536152 | Mantle | - mostly solid (some liquid) - temp 1000-3700 C - composed of Silicates (S and O); magnesium oxides, elements Fe, Al, Ca, Na, and K | 17 | |
| 5253544116 | Athenosphere | - liquid portion of the mantle - molten rock; flows - convention currents | 18 | |
| 5253622093 | Lower Mantle | - solid | 19 | |
| 5253622094 | Upper Mantle | - solid - liquid | 20 | |
| 5253624558 | Crust | - thinnest outermost portion - continental and oceanic crust | 21 | |
| 5253631598 | Ring of Fire | the zone of intense earthquake and volcanic activity that occurs along the edge of the pacific plate | 22 | |
| 5253650370 | Divergent Plate Boundary | boundary between two plates that move away from each other; a crack forms between the plates and magma flows up and forms new land |  | 23 |
| 5253657410 | Convergent Plate Boundary | boundary between two plates that move toward each other |  | 24 |
| 5253663392 | Transform Fault Boundary | boundary in which two plates slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere |  | 25 |
| 5253668813 | Ocean Ridges | new sea floor from divergent boundaries | 26 | |
| 5253675405 | Continental Crust -> <-Continental Crust | - broad mountain range - earthquakes | 27 | |
| 5253694921 | Oceanic Crust -> <-Continental Crust | - volcanic arc (mountains) - earthquakes - oceanic trench | 28 | |
| 5253694922 | Oceanic Crust -> <-Oceanic Crust | - volcanic island arc - earthquakes - oceanic trench | 29 | |
| 5253706486 | Transform Fault | - two plates slide/grind pass each other - most located on ocean floor; few on land - earthquaakes |  | 30 |
| 5253714431 | Hot Spot | - how the Hawaiian islands were formed - area in the mantle that is super heated and melts through the crust | 31 | |
| 5253858360 | How is freshwater mostly being used worldwide? | - Irrigate croplands (70%) | 32 | |
| 5253870542 | How is freshwater mostly being used in the U.S? | - For removing heat from electrical power plants (41%) | 33 | |
| 5253942203 | Deposition | the accumulation or depositing of eroded material | 34 | |
| 5253986864 | 3 major elements that compose crust: | 1. Oxygen (46.6%) 2. Silicon (27.7%) 3. Aluminum (8.1%) | 35 | |
| 5254005221 | Hydrologic Cycle | the world's freshwater supply is continually collected, purified, recycled and distributed |  | 36 |
| 5254010357 | Weathering | the physical and chemical processes that break down rocks into smaller particles that help build soil | 37 | |
| 5254013371 | Erosion | the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem | 38 | |
| 5254015874 | Physical Weathering | the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals | 39 | |
| 5254020274 | Chemical Weathering | breakdown of chemical reactions and/or dissolving of chemical elements from rocks | 40 | |
| 5254024432 | Mineral | a naturally occurring element of compounds that exists as a crystalline solid (regularly repeating internal arrangement of atoms) | 41 | |
| 5254074349 | Rock | solid combination of one or more minerals | 42 | |
| 5254076608 | Limestone | composed of one mineral (CaCo3) | 43 | |
| 5254076609 | Granite | composed of three minerals (mica, feldspar, quartz) | 44 | |
| 5254082325 | Sedimentary Rock | made of sediments (limestone and shale) | 45 | |
| 5254084296 | Igneous Rock | made when magma cools and hardens (granite and basalt) | 46 | |
| 5254090124 | Metamorphic Rock | made from rock subjected to high temperatures, pressures and/or fluids (marble and slate) | 47 | |
| 5254100325 | Rock Cycle | a continuous series of events through which a rock is transformed from one type to another |  | 48 |
| 5254105121 | Soil is a complex mixture of: | minerals- 45% water 25% air- 25% organic matter- 5% | 49 | |
| 5254115586 | What does organic matter consist of? | - dead forms - living forms | 50 | |
| 5254121358 | Detritus | dead leaves, animal remains, waste products | 51 | |
| 5254124281 | Humus | decayed plant or animal matter | 52 | |
| 5254126437 | Living forms | - bacteria - fungi - protists - worms | 53 | |
| 5254135828 | A Horizon | - topsoil - minerals, humus, living organisms | 54 | |
| 5254147399 | B Horizon | - subsoil - accumulation of metals and nutrients | 55 | |
| 5254153371 | Mineral particles of different sizes: | 1. sand 2. silt 3. clay | 56 | |
| 5254157630 | Permeability of soil | - ability of water and gases to flow - depends on the types of particles it contains | 57 | |
| 5254166109 | Cation exchange capacity | the ability of a soil to absorb and release cations (positively charges mineral ions) | 58 | |
| 5254170208 | Soil Bases | - calcium - magnesium - potassium - sodium | 59 | |
| 5254173544 | Soil Acids | aluminum and hydrogen | 60 | |
| 5254176046 | Base Saturation | the proportion of soil bases to soil acids | 61 | |
| 5254184771 | How does water exist as a liquid? | strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules | 62 |