AP Biology Molecular Genetics Flashcards
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| 9280501729 | nucleotides | a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group |  | 0 |
| 9280501730 | Purine | A/G, 2 organic rings, 2X the size, 2 hydrogen bonds |  | 1 |
| 9280501731 | Pyrimidine | C/T, single ring, X size, 3 hydrogen bonds |  | 2 |
| 9280501732 | origins of replication | The site where replication occurs where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication "bubble". |  | 3 |
| 9280501733 | DNA polymerase | adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing DNA sequence. It needs a primer. It can only go in one direction and extend on an existing DNA molecule |  | 4 |
| 9280501734 | RNA Primase | In DNA replication, this enzyme adds temporary RNA nucleotides for DNA polymerase to work from and add nucleotides to |  | 5 |
| 9280501735 | replication fork | a Y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating that is located at the end of the replication bubble. |  | 6 |
| 9280501736 | Helicase | enzyme that untwist the double helix at the replication forks. | 7 | |
| 9280501737 | Topoisomerase | enzyme that corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands | 8 | |
| 9280501738 | leading strand | the template strand of DNA where replication happens continuously toward the replication fork because it is aligned properly | 9 | |
| 9280501739 | lagging strand | the template strand of DNA where DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork. New DNA is created in fragments |  | 10 |
| 9280501740 | Okazaki fragments | The fragments that compose the lagging strand. (The spaces between the fragments are later filled via DNA ligase to make a continuous DNA strand.) |  | 11 |
| 9280501741 | Chromatin | a complex of DNA and protein, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA is spread out (not coiled) | 12 | |
| 9280501742 | Transcription | the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA | 13 | |
| 9280501743 | Translation | the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA | 14 | |
| 9280501744 | Codon | a group of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid | 15 | |
| 9280501745 | Ribosomes | the sites of translation | 16 | |
| 9280501746 | primary transcript | initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing | 17 | |
| 9280501747 | central dogma | the concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: DNA to RNA to protein | 18 | |
| 9280501748 | promoter | The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches to start transcription. | 19 | |
| 9280501749 | The three stages of transcription | Initiation, Elongation, Termination | 20 | |
| 9280501750 | transcription initiation complex | The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter | 21 | |
| 9280501751 | Transcription factors | Molecules that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription | 22 | |
| 9280501752 | introns | The noncoding regions of mRNA that get removed during RNA processing | 23 | |
| 9280501753 | RNA splicing | removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence | 24 | |
| 9280501754 | tRNAs | transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome | 25 | |
| 9280501755 | anticodon | three nucleotides in the tRNA that pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA |  | 26 |
| 9280501756 | P site | holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain |  | 27 |
| 9280501757 | alternative RNA splicing | different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns | 28 | |
| 9280501758 | exons | part of the pre-mRNA that is not removed - they are joined together to make the mRNA | 29 |