AP Psychology Developmental Psychology Flashcards

6453756300	Cross-sectional research	a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics	0
6453756301	Longitudinal research	a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed	1
6453756302	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	2
6453756303	Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)	a group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on an unborn child	3
6453756304	Newborn reflexes	a newborns reactions to certain stimulus	4
6453756305	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation; studied by Harlow and Ainsworth	5
6453756306	Harry Harlow's attachment research	studied infant attachment using monkey	6
6453756307	Mary Ainsworth's strange situation	an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies	7
6453756308	Secure attachments	constantly explored when parent was present; distressed when they left and came to parents when they returned	8
6453756309	Avoidant attachments	infants with this may resist being held by the parents and will explore novel environment; they don't go to parents for comforts when they return after an absence	9
6453756311	Authoritarian parents	parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority; children often grow up unable to make their own decisions	10
6453756312	Permissive parents	parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children; children grow up not wanting to follow authority of others	11
6453756313	Authoritative parents	parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence; children grow up as good decision-makers	12
6453756314	Oral stage	Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center	13
6453756315	Anal stage	Freud's second stage of personality development, from about age 2 to about age 3, during which children learn to control the immediate gratification they obtain through defecation and to become responsive to the demands of society	14
6453756316	Phallic stage	Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, includes the Oedipus Conflict and Electra Complex, as well as identification	15
6453756317	Genital stage	Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence	16
6453756318	Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory	neo-freudian who believed in the basics of Freud's theory but adapted it to fit his own observation with social development	17
6453756319	Trust versus mistrust	first stage of personality development in which the infant's basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care	18
6453756320	Autonomy versus shame and doubt	Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies. In this stage, toddlers begin to exert their will over their own bodies for the first time.	19
6453756321	Initiative versus guilt	Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. In this stage, children ask many questions.	20
6453756322	Industry versus inferiority	the fourth of Erikson's eight psychosexual development crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent	21
6453756323	Identity versus role confusion	Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt	22
6453756324	Intimacy versus isolation	Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness	23
6453756325	Generativity versus stagnation	Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences a sense of inactivity or lifelessness	24
6453756326	Integrity versus despair	the final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community	25
6453756327	cognitive developmental theory	children do not think like adults, their thought processes have their own distinct order and special logic; theory created by Jean Piaget	26
6453756328	Schema	mental representations of how we expect the world to be	27
6453756329	Assimilation	according to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors	28
6453756330	Accommodation	according to Piaget, the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences	29
6453756331	Sensorimotor stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	30
6453756332	Object permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	31
6453756333	Preoperational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic	32
6453756334	Egocentric	self-centered	33
6453756335	Concrete operations	Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age	34
6453756336	Concepts of conservation	children realize that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change. demonstrates how different aspects of objects are conserved even when their arrangement changes	35
6453756337	Formal operations	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	36
6453756338	Metacognition	thinking about thinking	37
6453756339	moral developmental theory	Lawrence Kohlberg	38
6453756340	Preconventional stage	a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor; The children avoided punishment.	39
6453756341	Conventional stage	a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules	40
6453756342	Postconventional stage	a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values	41