AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9861546329	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9861546330	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9861546331	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9861546332	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9861546333	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9861546334	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9861546335	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9861546336	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9861546337	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9861546338	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9861546339	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9861546340	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9861546341	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9861546342	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9861546343	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9861546344	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9861546345	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9861546346	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9861546347	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9861546348	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9861546349	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9861546350	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9861546351	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9861546352	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9861546353	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9861546354	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9861546355	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9861546356	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9861546357	theory	general idea being tested	28
9861546358	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9861546359	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9861546360	mode	appears the most	31
9861546361	mean	average	32
9861546362	median	middle	33
9861546363	range	highest - lowest	34
9861546364	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9861546365	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9861546366	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9861546367	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9861546368	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9861546369	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9861546370	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9861546371	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9861546565	neuron		43
9861546372	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9861546373	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9861546374	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9861546375	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9861546376	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9861546377	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9861546378	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9861546379	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9861546380	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9861546381	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9861546382	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9861546383	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9861546384	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9861546385	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9861546386	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9861546387	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9861546388	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9861546389	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9861546390	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9861546391	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9861546392	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9861546393	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9861546394	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9861546395	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9861546396	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9861546397	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9861546398	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9861546399	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9861546400	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9861546401	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9861546402	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9861546403	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9861546404	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9861546405	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9861546406	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9861546407	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9861546408	occipital lobe	vision	80
9861546409	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9861546410	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9861546411	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9861546412	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9861546413	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9861546414	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9861546415	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9861546416	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9861546417	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9861546418	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9861546419	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9861546420	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9861546421	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9861546422	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9861546423	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9861546424	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9861546425	rods	night time	97
9861546426	cones	color	98
9861546427	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9861546428	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9861546429	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9861546430	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9861546431	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9861546432	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9861546433	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9861546434	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9861546435	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9861546436	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9861546437	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9861546438	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9861546439	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9861546440	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9861546441	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9861546442	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9861546443	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9861546444	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9861546445	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9861546446	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9861546447	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9861546448	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9861546449	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9861546450	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9861546451	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9861546452	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9861546453	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9861546454	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9861546455	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9861546456	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9861546457	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9861546458	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9861546459	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9861546460	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9861546461	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9861546462	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9861546463	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9861546464	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9861546465	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9861546466	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9861546467	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9861546468	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9861546469	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9861546470	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9861546471	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9861546472	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9861546473	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9861546474	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9861546475	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9861546476	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9861546477	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9861546478	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9861546479	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9861546480	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9861546481	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9861546482	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9861546483	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9861546484	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9861546485	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9861546486	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9861546487	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9861546488	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9861546489	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9861546490	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9861546491	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9861546492	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9861546493	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9861546494	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9861546495	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9861546496	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9861546497	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9861546498	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9861546499	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9861546500	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9861546501	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9861546502	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9861546503	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9861546504	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9861546505	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9861546506	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9861546507	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9861546508	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9861546509	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9861546510	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9861546511	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9861546512	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9861546513	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9861546514	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9861546515	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9861546516	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9861546517	encoding	information going in	189
9861546518	storage	keeping information in	190
9861546519	retrieval	taking information out	191
9861546520	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9861546521	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9861546522	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9861546523	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9861546524	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9861546525	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9861546526	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9861546527	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9861546528	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9861546529	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9861546530	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9861546531	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9861546532	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9861546533	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9861546534	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9861546535	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9861546536	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9861546537	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9861546538	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9861546539	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9861546540	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9861546541	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9861546542	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9861546543	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9861546544	context	environment helps with memory	216
9861546545	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9861546546	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9861546547	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9861546548	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9861546549	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9861546550	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9861546551	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9861546552	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9861546553	prototypes	generalize	225
9861546554	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9861546555	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9861546556	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9861546557	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9861546558	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9861546559	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9861546560	grammar is _________	universal	232
9861546561	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9861546562	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234