ap psych Flashcards

7329143500	hindsight bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. "I knew it all along"	0
7329143501	critical thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	1
7329143502	validity	the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.	2
7329143503	theory	An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.	3
7329143504	hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.	4
7329143505	operational definition	A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence is operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.	5
7329143506	replication	replicate the original study	6
7329143507	case study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	7
7329143508	survey	A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.	8
7329143509	population	the whole group that you want to study and describe	9
7329143510	random sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	10
7329143511	sampling bias	flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample	11
7329143512	naturalistic observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	12
7329143513	correlation	A measure of the relationship between two variables	13
7329143514	correlation coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	14
7329143515	scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.	15
7329143516	illusory correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	16
7329143517	experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process	17
7329143518	random assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	18
7329143519	double-blind study	An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo	19
7329143520	placebo effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.	20
7329143521	experimental group	A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested.	21
7329143522	control group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	22
7329143523	independent variable	the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	23
7329143524	confounding variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	24
7329143525	dependent variable	the outcome factor the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables --what you are measuring (ex. obesity rates)	25
7329143526	mode	Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.	26
7329143527	mean	Average	27
7329143528	median	A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.	28
7329143529	range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.	29
7329143530	standard deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	30
7329143531	normal curve	the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.	31
7329143532	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	32
7329143533	culture	Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	33
7329143534	informed consent	A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.	34
7329143535	debriefing	A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study	35
7329143536	sample	A part of the population you are studying.	36
7329143537	3 main components of scientific attitude	curiosity skepticism humility	37
7329143538	a theory is useful if :	- it effectively organizes a range of self-reports / observations and leads to a clear hypothesis that anyone can use to check a theory - it stimulates research to lead to a revised theory that better organizes and predicts what we know	38
7329143539	wording effect of a survey	the way a question or situation is presented affects how people feel about the matter (ex. better wording = more desired results)	39
7329143540	case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do not explain behavior, but rather ________ behavior	describes	40
7329143541	positive correlation	two variable rise and fall together, such as height and weight	41
7329143542	negative correlation	variables are related inversely, one goes up and the other goes down, such as inner speech and psychological distress	42
7329143543	1 standard deviation	68%	43
7329143544	2 standard deviations	95%	44
7329143545	3 standard deviations	99%	45
7329143546	z-score	-3,-2,-1,1,2,3 standard deviaitons	46
7329143547	p-value	0.05	47
7329143548	descriptive statistics	numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups, including measures of central tendency and variation	48
7329143550	skewed graph	mode, median, and mean are different	49
7329143551	normal graph	mode, median, and mean are same	50
7329143552	positive skew	high outlier	51
7329143553	negative skew	low outlier	52
7329143554	measures of variability	depict diversity of the distribution (range, standard deviation)	53
7329143555	higher standard deviation =	scores are less similar	54
7329143556	normal curve		55
7329143557	inferential statistics	numerical data that allows one to generalize (T-tests, chi square, ANOVAS)	56
7329143558	descriptive stats vs. inferential stats	d : allows us to summarize info about the sample studied i : determine whether or not findings can be applied to a larger population from which the sample was selected	57
7329143560	culture (behavior)	enduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, and how people perceive different situations, such as body shape, early sex, etc.	58
7329143561	collectivist culture	group goals	59
7329143562	individualist cultures	individual goals	60
7329143563	ethics in research	informed consent protection from harm/discomfort maintain confidentiality debriefing	61
7329143564	IRB (Institutional Review Board)	any academic research needs to be proposed to their IRB, review for ethical violations and/or procedural errors	62
7329143565	empiricism	Information is collected by objective observations and experimentation using the scientific method.	63
7329143566	structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	64
7329143567	functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	65
7329143568	experimental psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method	66
7329143569	behaviorism	The view that psychology 1.)should be an objective science that 2.) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)	67
7329143570	humanistic psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	68
7329143571	cognitive neuroscience	A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.	69
7329143572	psychology	Scientific study of behavior and mental processes	70
7329143573	nature-nurture issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors	71
7329143574	natural selection	Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest	72
7329143575	biopsychosocial approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	73
7329143576	biological psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior	74
7329143577	evolutionary psychology	A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction.	75
7329143578	psychodynamic psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious and drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. It also focused on the importance of early experiences and shaping the unconsciousness.	76
7329143579	behavioral psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	77
7329143580	cognitive psychology	an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes	78
7329143581	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	79
7329143582	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	80
7329143583	basic research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	81
7329143584	developmental psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	82
7329143585	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	83
7329143586	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	84
7329143587	social psychology	The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	85
7329143588	applied psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems	86
7329143589	industrial-organizational psychology	application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	87
7329143590	human factors psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use	88
7329143591	counseling psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	89
7329143592	clinical psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	90
7329143593	psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. Medical degree M.D.	91